Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of acquisition in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

The initial stage when the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (UCS) are paired, resulting in the CS beginning to elicit the conditioned response (CR).

Question 2

In Pavlov's original experiment, which of the following was the conditioned stimulus (CS)?

Accepted Answer

The tone that was paired with the meat powder.

Question 3

A woman develops a phobia of bridges after her father repeatedly scared her while crossing them. According to classical conditioning, what is the conditioned response (CR) in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

Fear experienced when encountering bridges.

Question 4

Which process explains why a dog, after extinction of a conditioned response, suddenly salivates again to the tone after a period of nonexposure?

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery

Question 5

If a child who was conditioned to fear white rats also shows fear toward white rabbits and white fur coats, this is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization

Question 6

Which of the following best illustrates evaluative conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Developing a dislike for a song after it is repeatedly paired with negative news.

Question 7

According to Rescorla's research, what is the most important factor in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

The reliability of the conditioned stimulus (CS) as a signal for the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

Question 8

Which scenario best demonstrates the renewal effect in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A dog’s extinguished salivation response to a tone reappears when the dog is returned to the original laboratory where conditioning occurred.

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of higher-order conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A dog learns to salivate to a light after the light has been paired with a tone that was previously paired with food.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the concept of preparedness in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Species-specific predispositions to be conditioned to certain stimuli, such as fear of snakes.

Question 11

Which of the following violates the general laws of classical conditioning, as seen in conditioned taste aversion?

Accepted Answer

A long delay between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) still results in conditioning.

Question 12

A student develops a superstition that wearing a certain jersey leads to winning games. This is best explained by which psychological concept?

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement following a behavior.

Question 13

Which formula best represents the probability of a conditioned response (CR) given the reliability of the conditioned stimulus (CS) as a signal for the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), according to Rescorla’s theory?

Accepted Answer

$$P(CR) = P(UCS|CS)$$

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a necessary condition for classical conditioning to occur?

Accepted Answer

The conditioned stimulus (CS) must always be presented after the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

Question 15

A dog is conditioned to salivate to a bell. After repeated presentations of the bell without food, the salivation response weakens. What process is occurring?

Accepted Answer

Extinction

Question 16

Which of the following best illustrates stimulus discrimination?

Accepted Answer

A dog salivates to a specific tone but not to other similar tones.

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in a typical classical conditioning trial?

Accepted Answer

Conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented, followed by the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

Question 18

Which of the following real-world examples best demonstrates classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A person feels anxious when hearing the sound of a dentist’s drill after previously experiencing pain during dental procedures.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why some phobias are more common than others, according to evolutionary theory?

Accepted Answer

Natural selection favors organisms that quickly learn to avoid dangerous stimuli, such as snakes or the dark.

Classical Conditioning: Principles and Applications (Chapter 6 Study Notes)

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