Question 1

Which of the following best describes classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

Question 2

In Pavlov's famous experiment with dogs, what was the conditioned stimulus (CS)?

Accepted Answer

The bell

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the process of classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

$Neutral\ Stimulus\ (NS) + Unconditioned\ Stimulus\ (US) \rightarrow Unconditioned\ Response\ (UR)$

Question 4

A child learns to fear dogs after being bitten by one. Later, the child also fears cats and rabbits. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Generalization

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Taking away chores when a child gets good grades

Question 6

What is the main difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, while operant conditioning pairs behavior with consequences.

Question 7

Which reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction?

Accepted Answer

Variable ratio schedule

Question 8

A teacher gives students praise every time they answer a question correctly. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Continuous reinforcement

Question 9

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of extinction in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A dog stops salivating to the sound of a bell after the bell is repeatedly presented without food.

Question 10

In operant conditioning, which equation best represents the relationship between behavior and consequence?

Accepted Answer

$Behavior \rightarrow Consequence \rightarrow Change\ in\ Behavior$

Question 11

A student receives a sticker for every five books they read. This is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

Accepted Answer

Fixed ratio schedule

Question 12

Which process involves learning by watching others and imitating their actions?

Accepted Answer

Observational learning

Question 13

A child is afraid of white rats after a loud noise was paired with the rat. Later, the child is also afraid of white rabbits and cotton balls. This scenario best demonstrates:

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?

Accepted Answer

Giving a child extra chores for misbehaving

Question 15

Which concept explains why a drug user may experience cravings when exposed to environments associated with drug use?

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning

Question 16

Which equation best represents the process of shaping in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

$Successive\ Approximations \rightarrow Reinforcement \rightarrow Desired\ Behavior$

Question 17

A rat receives food after pressing a lever an unpredictable number of times. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Variable ratio schedule

Question 18

Which of the following best describes latent learning?

Accepted Answer

Learning that occurs without immediate reinforcement and is not demonstrated until there is motivation to do so.

Question 19

Which process is illustrated when a previously extinguished response reappears after a period of no exposure to the conditioned stimulus?

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

Food

Comprehensive Study Notes on Learning in Psychology

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