Question 1

Which brain structure is primarily responsible for regulating circadian rhythms by synchronizing with light information from the retina?

Accepted Answer

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Question 2

During which stage of sleep are vivid dreams and rapid eye movements most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Stage 5 REM sleep

Question 3

A person wakes up feeling conscious but unable to move, experiencing chest pressure and a sense of a menacing presence. What is this phenomenon called?

Accepted Answer

Sleep paralysis

Question 4

Which hormone is most closely associated with the regulation of sleep and is secreted in response to darkness?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 5

According to Freud, what is the difference between latent and manifest content in dreams?

Accepted Answer

Latent content is the hidden meaning; manifest content is the storyline

Question 6

Which sleep disorder is characterized by a rapid and unexpected onset of sleep, often directly into REM sleep, and is associated with a lack of orexin?

Accepted Answer

Narcolepsy

Question 7

What is the primary effect of stimulants such as caffeine on the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Increase arousal and alertness

Question 8

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of chronic shift work according to research?

Accepted Answer

Substantial decline in brain function and lower scores on cognitive tests

Question 9

A student reports difficulty falling asleep for at least three nights a week for over a month. What sleep disorder does this best describe?

Accepted Answer

Insomnia

Question 10

Which theory suggests that dreams help us reconsider and reprocess information critical for daily survival, allowing us to solve problems even while asleep?

Accepted Answer

Problem-solving theory

Question 11

What is the effect of alcohol at low doses on the brain, and why do females experience its effects more heavily?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a stimulant via dopamine and females have higher BAC for same weight

Question 12

Which sleep stage is associated with delta waves, is crucial for feeling rested, and is suppressed by alcohol?

Accepted Answer

Stage 3 and 4

Question 13

A person believes they are sleep deprived despite having a normal sleep cycle, experiencing distress and anxiety. What is this condition called?

Accepted Answer

Paradoxical insomnia

Question 14

Which psychoactive drug is known for blocking the reabsorption of dopamine, resulting in a flood of dopamine in the brain and feelings of euphoria?

Accepted Answer

Cocaine

Question 15

What is the main difference between REM behavior disorder and somnambulism?

Accepted Answer

REM behavior disorder involves acting out dreams due to lack of paralysis; somnambulism involves walking during deep sleep

Question 16

Which neurotransmitter is primarily increased by amphetamines, leading to heightened wakefulness and euphoria?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming?

Accepted Answer

Dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural activity during sleep

Question 18

What is the effect of prolonged cannabis use on cognitive function?

Accepted Answer

Impaired cognitive function that is reversible

Question 19

Which sleep disorder is most common in children and is characterized by sudden waking episodes with screaming and confusion, followed by a return to deep sleep?

Accepted Answer

Night terrors

Question 20

If a person consumes a double shot of espresso before bed, which sleep phenomenon are they most likely to experience?

Accepted Answer

Sleep displacement

Consciousness: Sleep, Dreams, and Psychoactive Drugs – Study Notes

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