Question 1

Which brain structure is primarily responsible for regulating circadian rhythms in humans?

Accepted Answer

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Question 2

A college student experiences difficulty concentrating and increased risk-taking after staying awake for 90 hours. Which cognitive function is MOST likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Sustained attention and risk assessment

Question 3

Which of the following best describes REM sleep?

Accepted Answer

It is often called 'paradoxical sleep' due to high brain activity and muscle atonia.

Question 4

According to Freud's psychoanalytic approach, what is the difference between manifest and latent content in dreams?

Accepted Answer

Manifest content is the actual storyline, while latent content is the hidden psychological meaning.

Question 5

Which hypothesis suggests that sleep serves to remove metabolic waste products from the brain?

Accepted Answer

Repair hypothesis

Question 6

A person who prefers to sleep and wake earlier than most people is likely exhibiting which phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Morningness chronotype

Question 7

Which of the following is a stimulant that acts as an adenosine antagonist?

Accepted Answer

Caffeine

Question 8

What is the primary neurotransmitter system affected by benzodiazepines and alcohol?

Accepted Answer

GABAergic

Question 9

Which sleep disorder is characterized by sudden loss of muscle tone and can be triggered by strong emotions?

Accepted Answer

Cataplexy

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming?

Accepted Answer

Dreams are the result of the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural activity during sleep.

Question 11

A patient is prescribed Ritalin for ADHD. Which neurotransmitter system is primarily targeted by this medication?

Accepted Answer

Dopaminergic

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of a circannual rhythm?

Accepted Answer

Migration patterns in birds

Question 13

Which sleep stage is associated with sleep spindles and K-complexes?

Accepted Answer

Stage 2

Question 14

If a drug causes down-regulation of its target receptors after repeated use, what phenomenon is being demonstrated?

Accepted Answer

Cellular tolerance

Question 15

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of chronic sleep deprivation in college students?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of academic problems and substance abuse

Question 16

Which neurotransmitter system is primarily affected by hallucinogens such as LSD and psilocybin?

Accepted Answer

Serotonergic

Question 17

Which hypothesis proposes that sleep evolved to keep animals safe during periods of vulnerability?

Accepted Answer

Protect hypothesis

Question 18

Which of the following is an endogenous cannabinoid found in the human brain?

Accepted Answer

2-AG

Question 19

A person is experiencing sleepwalking. Which sleep stage is this behavior most likely to occur in?

Accepted Answer

Stage 3 or 4 (deep sleep)

Question 20

Which formula best represents the relationship between sleep deprivation and cognitive performance, assuming a linear decline?

Accepted Answer

$C = C_0 - kD$

Consciousness: Wakefulness, Sleep, and Drugs – Study Notes

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