Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main focus of Structuralism in psychology?

Accepted Answer

Analyzing conscious experience by breaking it down into basic elements using introspection

Question 2

William James, a key figure in Functionalism, believed psychology should focus on:

Accepted Answer

The purpose and adaptive functions of mental processes

Question 3

John B. Watson argued that psychology should only study:

Accepted Answer

Observable behavior without reference to mental events

Question 4

Which principle did B.F. Skinner emphasize as a major factor in driving behavior?

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning, focusing on consequences such as reinforcement and punishment

Question 5

A researcher wants to study the effect of music on memory. She randomly assigns participants to listen to classical music or no music while memorizing a list of words. What is the independent variable in this experiment?

Accepted Answer

The type of music played (classical vs. none)

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of a third variable problem in correlational research?

Accepted Answer

A hidden variable influences both variables being studied, creating a false association

Question 7

Which logical fallacy involves using emotions rather than evidence to support a claim?

Accepted Answer

Emotional reasoning fallacy

Question 8

In the Stanford Marshmallow Experiment, which variable was manipulated to study its effect on delayed gratification?

Accepted Answer

Presence or absence of treats (marshmallows)

Question 9

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of 'operational definition' in psychological research?

Accepted Answer

Measuring happiness by the number of times a person smiles in an hour

Question 10

A study finds a positive correlation between ice cream sales and drowning incidents. What is the most likely explanation for this finding?

Accepted Answer

A third variable, such as hot weather, increases both ice cream sales and swimming activity

Question 11

Which of the following is a key advantage of experimental research over correlational research?

Accepted Answer

Ability to establish causal relationships between variables

Question 12

Which concept refers to the consistency of a measurement tool in psychological research?

Accepted Answer

Reliability

Question 13

A psychologist is aware that her own expectations might influence the outcome of her experiment. This concern is best described as:

Accepted Answer

Expectancy effect (experimental bias)

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the difference between basic and applied research in psychology?

Accepted Answer

Basic research seeks to understand fundamental principles; applied research uses this knowledge to solve real-world problems

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of confirmation bias?

Accepted Answer

Seeking out evidence that supports your hypothesis and ignoring contradictory evidence

Question 16

In the context of research methods, what does external validity refer to?

Accepted Answer

How applicable the findings are to the real world

Question 17

Which ethical violation occurred in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?

Accepted Answer

Participants were not informed about their diagnosis or treatment options

Question 18

A scatter plot shows that as study time increases, exam scores also increase. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Positive correlation

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the scientific theory in psychology?

Accepted Answer

An explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world, supported by evidence

Question 20

Which formula represents the relationship between reliability and validity in psychological measurement?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{Validity} \leq 	ext{Reliability}$

Foundations and Methods in Psychology: Key Concepts and Research Approaches

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