Information Processing Model of Memory: Study Notes

Information Processing Model

Overview

The Information Processing Model is a cognitive framework that describes how humans encode, store, and retrieve information in memory. This model likens the human mind to a computer, emphasizing systematic steps in memory formation and use.

• Memory is broken down into three steps: encoding, storage, and retrieval.

1. Encoding

Encoding refers to the process of converting incoming information into a form that the brain can process and understand.

• Definition: The transformation of sensory input into a format suitable for memory storage.

• Example: Reading a word and converting its visual representation into a mental concept.

• Application: Effective encoding is essential for learning new information.

2. Storage

Storage involves keeping encoded information over time.

• Definition: The maintenance of information in the brain's memory systems.

• Types of Memory Storage:

  • Sensory memory – brief retention of sensory information.

  • Short-term memory – temporary holding of information for immediate use.

  • Long-term memory – durable storage for later retrieval.

• Example: Remembering a phone number for several minutes or years.

3. Retrieval

Retrieval is the process of accessing stored information at a later date.

• Definition: Bringing information from memory storage into conscious awareness.

• Example: Recalling the answer to a test question.

• Application: Retrieval can be affected by cues, context, and interference.

Example Questions and Applications

• True/False Statements:

  • 1. Retrieval involves accessing stored information. True

  • 2. Encoding is converting information into a format the brain can understand. True

  • 3. During storage, the brain maintains what information it received. True

  • 4. The information processing model of memory is likened to a computer. True

• Multiple Choice Example:

  • In the information processing model, what is the primary purpose of encoding?

    • A. To eliminate irrelevant information.

    • B. To store information for many years.

    • C. To convert incoming information into a format that can be used by the brain.

    • D. To recall memories.

Summary Table: Steps in the Information Processing Model

Step	Description	Example
Encoding	Converting information into a usable format	Learning a new word
Storage	Maintaining information over time	Remembering a phone number
Retrieval	Accessing stored information	Recalling a fact during a test

Key Terms

• Encoding: The process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory.

• Storage: The retention of encoded information over time.

• Retrieval: The process of bringing stored information into conscious awareness.

Additional info:

• The information processing model is foundational in cognitive psychology and is often compared to computer operations, emphasizing systematic input, processing, and output of information.