Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary focus of psychology as a scientific discipline?

Accepted Answer

The systematic study of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors using empirical methods.

Question 2

Wilhelm Wundt is considered the founder of psychology because he:

Accepted Answer

Established the first psychology laboratory and emphasized experimental methods.

Question 3

Which early school of psychology emphasized breaking down mental processes into their most basic components?

Accepted Answer

Structuralism

Question 4

William James is best known for his contributions to which psychological perspective?

Accepted Answer

Functionalism

Question 5

Which of the following statements about Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is correct?

Accepted Answer

It emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts as drivers of behavior.

Question 6

Which major perspective in contemporary psychology emphasizes the role of genetics, the brain, and the nervous system in behavior?

Accepted Answer

The Biological Perspective

Question 7

A psychologist is interested in how cultural values influence individual behavior. Which perspective is she most likely using?

Accepted Answer

Cross-Cultural Perspective

Question 8

Which step in the scientific method involves generating a specific, testable prediction about the relationship between variables?

Accepted Answer

Formulating a testable hypothesis

Question 9

In a psychological experiment, the variable that is manipulated by the researcher is called the:

Accepted Answer

Independent variable

Question 10

A double-blind technique is used in experiments to:

Accepted Answer

Ensure that neither the participants nor the researchers know who is in the experimental or control group.

Question 11

Which type of research is best suited for exploring cause-and-effect relationships?

Accepted Answer

Experimental research

Question 12

A psychologist wants to study the effects of sleep deprivation on memory. She randomly assigns participants to either a sleep deprivation group or a control group. What is the main advantage of random assignment in this experiment?

Accepted Answer

It reduces the likelihood that preexisting differences will bias the results.

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of a confounding variable in an experiment?

Accepted Answer

A variable that unintentionally influences the dependent variable, making it difficult to interpret results.

Question 14

Which ethical principle requires that participants be informed about the nature of the research and their rights before participating?

Accepted Answer

Informed consent

Question 15

A psychologist conducts a survey to study college students’ attitudes toward online learning. What is a potential limitation of survey research?

Accepted Answer

Participants may not answer honestly, leading to inaccurate data.

Question 16

Which of the following formulas represents the calculation of a correlation coefficient $r$ between two variables $X$ and $Y$?

Accepted Answer

$ r = \frac{\sum (X_i - \overline{X})(Y_i - \overline{Y})}{\sqrt{\sum (X_i - \overline{X})^2 \sum (Y_i - \overline{Y})^2}} $

Question 17

Which specialty area in psychology focuses on diagnosing and treating mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders?

Accepted Answer

Clinical psychology

Question 18

Which of the following is a key feature of the cognitive perspective in psychology?

Accepted Answer

Focus on mental processes such as thinking, memory, and problem-solving

Question 19

A researcher wants to study the effect of a new drug on anxiety levels. She gives the drug to one group and a placebo to another, without telling either group which they received. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Double-blind technique

Question 20

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of critical thinking in psychological research?

Accepted Answer

Evaluating evidence, considering alternative explanations, and questioning assumptions.

Introduction to Psychology: Foundations and Research Methods

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