Question 1

Which of the following best describes a phoneme in language?

Accepted Answer

A category of sound produced by our vocal apparatus.

Question 2

A child says, 'He runned fast' instead of 'He ran fast.' This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Overgeneralization of language rules

Question 3

According to the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (linguistic relativity), which of the following is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

The language we speak influences how we think, understand, and perceive the world.

Question 4

Which heuristic is most likely at play when a doctor diagnoses a patient with the flu because the symptoms match the 'typical' flu case, ignoring base rates of other illnesses?

Accepted Answer

Representativeness heuristic

Question 5

A judge gives a harsher sentence after hearing the prosecutor recommend a long sentence, even though the crime details are unchanged. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Anchoring heuristic

Question 6

Which of the following best illustrates the availability heuristic?

Accepted Answer

Believing shark attacks are common after seeing news reports about them.

Question 7

What is the main difference between an algorithm and a heuristic in problem solving?

Accepted Answer

Algorithms guarantee a solution if applied correctly, heuristics are shortcuts that do not guarantee accuracy.

Question 8

A person continues to believe their favorite candidate won a debate, even after being shown evidence to the contrary. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Belief perseverance

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of functional fixedness?

Accepted Answer

Failing to use a shoe as a hammer when no hammer is available.

Question 10

In the context of maximizing and satisficing, which type of consumer is generally more satisfied according to research?

Accepted Answer

Satisficers, because they settle for 'good enough' and avoid the paradox of choice.

Question 11

Which of the following best defines a morpheme?

Accepted Answer

The smallest unit of meaning in a language.

Question 12

A child is born with the ability to recognize all phonemes, but later loses the ability to distinguish some sounds not used in their native language. This process is best described as:

Accepted Answer

Phoneme specialization due to neural pruning

Question 13

Which of the following statements about the critical period for language acquisition is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

Being deprived of language during the critical period impedes the ability to fully acquire and use language.

Question 14

The Guugu Yimithirr language does not have words for 'left' or 'right,' but instead uses cardinal directions. According to linguistic relativity, what is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Speakers are more likely to think in terms of absolute directions (north, south, east, west).

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of the framing effect in medical decision-making?

Accepted Answer

A doctor recommends surgery by saying, 'There is a 90% survival rate,' instead of 'There is a 10% mortality rate.'

Question 16

Which cognitive bias is illustrated when people believe, after an event has occurred, that they 'knew it all along'?

Accepted Answer

Hindsight bias

Question 17

A person only seeks out news sources that support their political beliefs and ignores sources that challenge them. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Confirmation bias

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the interactionist approach to language acquisition?

Accepted Answer

Children are pre-programmed with hardware but develop language through exposure and interaction with their environment.

Question 19

Which of the following is a potential downside of using heuristics in high-stakes situations?

Accepted Answer

Heuristics can lead to costly errors and reinforce stereotypes.

Question 20

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of a prototype?

Accepted Answer

The most typical example of a concept, such as thinking of a robin when asked about birds.

Language, Thinking, and Reasoning: Key Concepts in Cognitive Psychology

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