Question 1

Which of the following best defines 'learning' in the context of psychology?

Accepted Answer

A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience.

Question 2

In Pavlov’s original experiment, which of the following correctly identifies the unconditioned stimulus (US), unconditioned response (UR), conditioned stimulus (CS), and conditioned response (CR)?

Accepted Answer

US: Food; UR: Salivation; CS: Bell; CR: Salivation

Question 3

Which scenario best illustrates classical conditioning in everyday life?

Accepted Answer

A person feels anxious when hearing the sound of a dentist’s drill after a painful experience at the dentist.

Question 4

What is the main association learned in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Between two stimuli, one neutral and one unconditioned.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes 'preparedness' in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

The tendency to learn certain associations more easily due to evolutionary factors.

Question 6

Which example demonstrates 'conditioned taste aversion'?

Accepted Answer

A person avoids a certain food after getting sick from eating it once.

Question 7

Which process in classical conditioning is demonstrated when a conditioned response reappears after extinction and a rest period?

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery

Question 8

Skinner’s demonstration of operant conditioning involved which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Using reinforcement to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

Question 9

Which of the following best defines 'shaping' in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Gradually reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior.

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Removing chores when a child gets good grades.

Question 11

What is a major problem with using punishment to change behavior?

Accepted Answer

It can lead to fear, aggression, and avoidance rather than learning.

Question 12

How did Seligman demonstrate learned helplessness in dogs?

Accepted Answer

By exposing dogs to unavoidable shocks, leading them to stop trying to escape.

Question 13

Which schedule of reinforcement is best illustrated by a slot machine that pays out after a random number of plays?

Accepted Answer

Variable ratio

Question 14

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

Money

Question 15

Which process in operant conditioning is demonstrated when a behavior that was previously reinforced no longer produces reinforcement and gradually disappears?

Accepted Answer

Extinction

Question 16

What is stimulus control in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

When a behavior is only performed in the presence of a specific stimulus.

Question 17

Tolman’s experiments with rats in mazes demonstrated which concept?

Accepted Answer

Latent learning and cognitive maps

Question 18

According to Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment, which of the following is NOT required for someone to imitate an observed behavior?

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement

Question 19

Which of the following best describes vicarious reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Learning by observing someone else being rewarded for a behavior.

Question 20

Which equation best represents the probability of a response under a variable interval schedule, where $$P(R) is $$the probability of response, $$t is $$time, and $$k is a $$constant?

Accepted Answer

$$P(R) = 1 - e$$^{-k t}$$

Learning: Classical, Operant, and Observational Conditioning – Chapter 5 Study Guide

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