Question 1

Which of the following best distinguishes between a reflex and an instinct?

Accepted Answer

A reflex is an automatic, involuntary response to a specific stimulus, while an instinct is a more complex, innate drive involving the whole organism.

Question 2

Which scenario best illustrates the process of habituation?

Accepted Answer

A student becomes less startled by the sound of the school bell after hearing it every day for several weeks.

Question 3

In classical conditioning, what is the role of the neutral stimulus (NS)?

Accepted Answer

It is paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and eventually elicits a conditioned response (CR).

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the phenomenon of stimulus generalization?

Accepted Answer

A conditioned response is triggered by stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus.

Question 5

A patient undergoing chemotherapy develops a taste aversion to a specific food eaten before treatment. Which concept explains why this aversion can develop after just one pairing?

Accepted Answer

Biological preparedness

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A teacher removes homework when students behave well, increasing good behavior.

Question 7

According to the law of effect, which outcome is most likely to increase the frequency of a behavior?

Accepted Answer

The behavior is followed by a reward.

Question 8

A slot machine pays out after an unpredictable number of lever pulls. Which schedule of reinforcement does this illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Variable ratio

Question 9

Which of the following is a potential negative consequence of using punishment to change behavior?

Accepted Answer

It may encourage subversive behavior and model aggression.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes latent learning?

Accepted Answer

Learning that occurs without reinforcement and is only demonstrated when there is motivation to do so.

Question 11

A child observes a parent showing bias toward a social group and later imitates this bias, even without direct reinforcement. Which learning process is at work?

Accepted Answer

Observational learning

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of instinctive drift?

Accepted Answer

A dog returns to chasing its tail after being trained to fetch.

Question 13

Which partial reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction?

Accepted Answer

Variable ratio

Question 14

In the 'Little Albert' experiment, what was the conditioned response (CR)?

Accepted Answer

Fear of the white rat

Question 15

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of superstitious behavior as described by Skinner?

Accepted Answer

A person wears a lucky shirt because they believe it causes their team to win.

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?

Accepted Answer

A teacher adds extra homework when students talk in class.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the renewal effect in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A conditioned response reappears when the subject is returned to the original environment.

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-world example of observational learning?

Accepted Answer

A child learns to say 'please' and 'thank you' by watching their parents.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a potential effect of exposure to media violence, according to research?

Accepted Answer

Increased empathy for victims of violence

Question 20

Which formula best represents the relationship between reinforcement schedule and extinction rate?

Accepted Answer

$Extinction\ Rate \propto \frac{1}{Reinforcement\ Frequency}$

lec 6 Learning: Principles and Applications in Psychology-

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