Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of habituation?

Accepted Answer

A weaker response to repeated stimuli over time.

Question 2

In classical conditioning, what is the main difference between the unconditioned response (UR) and the conditioned response (CR)?

Accepted Answer

The UR is triggered naturally by the unconditioned stimulus, while the CR is triggered by the conditioned stimulus after learning.

Question 3

A child is bitten by a dog and later becomes afraid of all dogs, not just the one that bit them. This is an example of which classical conditioning principle?

Accepted Answer

Generalization

Question 4

Which scenario best illustrates negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A parent stops nagging when their child cleans their room.

Question 5

In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

Money received for good grades

Question 6

A rat receives a food pellet every time it presses a lever exactly ten times. Which schedule of reinforcement is this?

Accepted Answer

Fixed Ratio

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why former drug users may experience cravings when returning to places where they previously used drugs?

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning where the environment acts as a conditioned stimulus

Question 8

In the Little Albert experiment, what was the unconditioned stimulus (US)?

Accepted Answer

The loud noise from the steel bar

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of shaping in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Gradually requiring a child to say 'please' before giving them a treat, after first rewarding them for just asking nicely.

Question 10

A slot machine pays out after an unpredictable number of lever pulls. Which reinforcement schedule does this illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Variable Ratio

Question 11

Which of the following best distinguishes classical conditioning from operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is based on associating two stimuli, while operant conditioning is based on associating a response with its consequence.

Question 12

A child watches their parent hit a Bobo doll and then imitates the same behavior. According to Bandura, this is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Observational learning

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?

Accepted Answer

Giving a child extra chores after they misbehave.

Question 14

A person eats a burrito and later becomes violently ill. Now, just seeing a burrito makes them nauseous. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

One-trial learning (taste aversion) via classical conditioning

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of mirror neurons in observational learning?

Accepted Answer

They enable imitation and empathy by firing both when performing and observing actions.

Question 16

A student studies hard and receives praise from their teacher, making them more likely to study hard in the future. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement

Question 17

Which of the following is most likely to result in the fastest extinction of a learned behavior?

Accepted Answer

Continuous reinforcement

Question 18

A child is only afraid of a specific dog that bit them, but not other dogs. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Discrimination

Question 19

Which of the following best illustrates the violence viewing effect described in observational learning?

Accepted Answer

Children become indifferent to violence and may imitate it after repeated exposure to unpunished, justified violence on TV.

Question 20

Which of the following equations best represents the process of classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

$$NS + US \rightarrow UR$$, then $$CS \rightarrow CR$$

Learning: Principles and Applications in Psychology

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