Question 1

Which brain structure acts as the primary biological clock regulating circadian rhythms in humans?

Accepted Answer

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Question 2

A college student experiences difficulty concentrating and increased irritability after staying awake for 90 hours. Which cognitive function is MOST likely to be impaired?

Accepted Answer

Sustained attention and risk assessment

Question 3

Which of the following best describes REM sleep?

Accepted Answer

It is often called 'paradoxical sleep' due to high brain activity and muscle atonia.

Question 4

According to Freud's psychoanalytic approach, what is the difference between manifest and latent content in dreams?

Accepted Answer

Manifest content is the actual storyline, while latent content is the hidden psychological meaning.

Question 5

Which hypothesis suggests that sleep serves to remove metabolic waste products from the brain?

Accepted Answer

Repair hypothesis ('brainwashing')

Question 6

A person who prefers to go to bed and wake up earlier than most people is likely to have which type of chronotype?

Accepted Answer

Morning lark

Question 7

Which neurotransmitter system is primarily targeted by caffeine to produce its stimulant effects?

Accepted Answer

Adenosinergic

Question 8

What is the main difference between circadian and ultradian rhythms?

Accepted Answer

Circadian rhythms last about a day, while ultradian rhythms last less than a day.

Question 9

Which sleep disorder is characterized by sudden loss of muscle tone and can be triggered by strong emotions?

Accepted Answer

Cataplexy

Question 10

A patient is prescribed Ritalin for ADHD. Which neurotransmitter system does this medication primarily affect?

Accepted Answer

Dopaminergic

Question 11

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of chronic sleep deprivation in college students?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of academic problems and substance abuse

Question 12

Which stage of sleep is most associated with sleep spindles and K-complexes?

Accepted Answer

Stage 2

Question 13

Which theory of dreaming proposes that dreams are the result of the brain synthesizing random neural activity?

Accepted Answer

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

Question 14

Which of the following drugs is a GABAergic sedative?

Accepted Answer

Alcohol

Question 15

If a person experiences jet lag after traveling across time zones, which biological rhythm is most disrupted?

Accepted Answer

Circadian rhythm

Question 16

Which of the following best describes psychological dependence on a drug?

Accepted Answer

The user experiences cravings and compulsive use despite negative consequences.

Question 17

Which sleep stage is characterized by the presence of delta waves?

Accepted Answer

Stage 3 and 4 (deep sleep)

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of an endogenous rhythm?

Accepted Answer

Sleep-wake cycle regulated by the SCN

Question 19

Which of the following is a plausible effect of amphetamines on neurotransmission?

Accepted Answer

Increase dopamine release

Question 20

A dolphin can sleep with one hemisphere of its brain at a time. This phenomenon is known as:

Accepted Answer

Unihemispheric sleep

Lecture 7: Consciousness – Wakefulness, Sleep, and Drugs

Study Guide - Practice Questions

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