Q: Which of the following equations best represents the net effect of the direct pathway on thalamic activity?

$\text{Cortex} \xrightarrow{+} \text{Striatum} \xrightarrow{-} \text{GPi} \xrightarrow{-} \text{Thalamus} \xrightarrow{+} \text{Motor Cortex}$

Q: Which equation best represents the net effect of the indirect pathway on thalamic activity?

$\text{Cortex} \xrightarrow{+} \text{Striatum} \xrightarrow{-} \text{GPe} \xrightarrow{-} \text{STN} \xrightarrow{+} \text{GPi} \xrightarrow{-} \text{Thalamus}$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the lateral (dorsal) motor system in descending motor pathways?

Accepted Answer

Goal-directed limb movements and control of distal extremities

Question 2

A patient presents with difficulty initiating movement, slow small movements, and a resting tremor. Which structure is most likely affected, and what neurotransmitter is deficient?

Accepted Answer

Substantia nigra; dopamine

Question 3

Which pathway in the basal ganglia increases thalamic output and facilitates movement?

Accepted Answer

Direct pathway

Question 4

In Huntington's disease, degeneration of which neurons leads to hyperkinetic movements, and which pathway is most affected?

Accepted Answer

Striatal neurons in caudate and putamen; indirect pathway

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a classic symptom of Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Hyperkinetic movements (chorea)

Question 6

The basal ganglia are highly interconnected with which of the following brain regions, contributing to motor control?

Accepted Answer

Cerebellum and brainstem

Question 7

Which nuclei serve as the main input structures for the basal ganglia, receiving information from widespread areas of the cerebral cortex?

Accepted Answer

Putamen and caudate (striatum)

Question 8

Which of the following best explains the effect of dopamine on the basal ganglia pathways?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine excites the direct pathway and inhibits the indirect pathway

Question 9

A lesion in the globus pallidus internal segment (GPi) would most directly affect which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Inhibitory output to the thalamus

Question 10

Which of the following equations best represents the net effect of the direct pathway on thalamic activity?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{Cortex} \xrightarrow{+} 	ext{Striatum} \xrightarrow{-} 	ext{GPi} \xrightarrow{-} 	ext{Thalamus} \xrightarrow{+} 	ext{Motor Cortex}$

Question 11

Which basal ganglia structure is most lateral and also serves as an input nucleus?

Accepted Answer

Putamen

Question 12

A patient with diminished facial expressions, micrographia, and hypophonia is most likely suffering from which disorder?

Accepted Answer

Parkinson's disease

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of the basal ganglia in motor control?

Accepted Answer

Organizes sequencing of complex movements and suppresses unwanted movements

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of the supplementary motor area (SMA)?

Accepted Answer

Programs self-initiated movements and controls habitual behaviors

Question 15

Which equation best represents the net effect of the indirect pathway on thalamic activity?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{Cortex} \xrightarrow{+} 	ext{Striatum} \xrightarrow{-} 	ext{GPe} \xrightarrow{-} 	ext{STN} \xrightarrow{+} 	ext{GPi} \xrightarrow{-} 	ext{Thalamus}$

Question 16

Damage to which basal ganglia structure is most likely to result in decreased inhibition of unwanted movements, as seen in Huntington's disease?

Accepted Answer

Striatum (caudate and putamen)

Question 17

Which of the following statements about basal ganglia output is correct?

Accepted Answer

Basal ganglia output nuclei send inhibitory (GABAergic) projections to the thalamus

Question 18

Which real-life scenario best illustrates the function of the basal ganglia in suppressing unwanted movements?

Accepted Answer

A person is able to stop themselves from reaching for a hot stove after realizing the danger

Question 19

Which of the following is true regarding the anatomical organization of the caudate nucleus?

Accepted Answer

It is 'C' shaped and divided into head, body, and tail

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why basal ganglia dysfunction leads to movement disorders but not paralysis?

Accepted Answer

Basal ganglia act indirectly on lower motor neurons, modulating movement but not initiating it

Motor Systems and Basal Ganglia: Structure, Function, and Disorders

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