Q: Which formula best represents the core idea of expectancy theory?

$$Motivation = Expectancy \times Instrumentality \times Valence$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the three key elements of motivation in organizational behavior?

Accepted Answer

Intensity, direction, and persistence

Question 2

According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, which need must be satisfied before an individual can focus on esteem needs?

Accepted Answer

Physiological and safety-security needs

Question 3

A manager notices that an employee is motivated by the desire to excel and meet high standards. According to McClelland’s Theory of Needs, which need is most likely driving this employee?

Accepted Answer

Need for achievement ($$nAch)$$

Question 4

Which statement best reflects the concept of 'cognitive evaluation theory' within self-determination theory?

Accepted Answer

Extrinsic rewards can reduce intrinsic motivation when they make tasks feel obligatory.

Question 5

In regulatory focus theory, an employee who strives to avoid mistakes and fulfill obligations is demonstrating which type of focus?

Accepted Answer

Prevention focus

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a step an employee might take when perceiving inequity according to organizational justice theory?

Accepted Answer

Increase organizational citizenship behavior

Question 7

A company implements Management by Objectives (MBO). Which ingredient is NOT essential for effective MBO according to goal-setting theory?

Accepted Answer

Unilateral goal setting by supervisors

Question 8

Which formula best represents the core idea of expectancy theory?

Accepted Answer

$$Motivation = Expectancy 	imes Instrumentality 	imes Valence$$

Question 9

An employee is highly engaged in their job, investing physical, cognitive, and emotional energies. According to job engagement theory, what outcome is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Higher levels of task performance and citizenship behavior

Question 10

Which of the following is a criticism of Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory?

Accepted Answer

It relies heavily on self-reports and lacks an overall measure of satisfaction.

Question 11

A manager wants to increase employee motivation by setting goals. According to goal-setting theory, which type of goal is most effective?

Accepted Answer

Specific and difficult goals that are accepted by employees

Question 12

Which of the following best describes distributive justice in an organization?

Accepted Answer

Perceived fairness of outcome distributions such as pay and rewards

Question 13

According to expectancy theory, which relationship is described by the belief that effort will lead to performance?

Accepted Answer

Effort-performance relationship

Question 14

Which of the following is a key implication of self-determination theory for organizations?

Accepted Answer

Organizations should provide both intrinsic and extrinsic incentives.

Question 15

A manager observes that employees in different cultures value inputs and outcomes differently. Which concept does this illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Organizational justice is influenced by cultural values.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT one of the three universal needs identified by Alderfer’s ERG theory?

Accepted Answer

Autonomy

Question 17

An employee is motivated to work harder because they believe their effort will be recognized in their performance appraisal, which will lead to a bonus that satisfies their personal goals. Which theory best explains this scenario?

Accepted Answer

Expectancy theory

Question 18

Which of the following is a potential ethical risk associated with goal-setting in organizations?

Accepted Answer

Employees may adopt avoidance techniques or unethical choices to meet goals.

Question 19

Which process-based theory of motivation emphasizes the importance of feedback, goal commitment, and task characteristics in achieving high performance?

Accepted Answer

Goal-setting theory

Question 20

A manager wants to motivate employees by helping them feel competent, autonomous, and connected to others. Which theory should the manager focus on?

Accepted Answer

Self-determination theory

Chapter 7

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