Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Genotype is the specific genetic material on an individual's chromosomes, while phenotype is the observable characteristics resulting from the interaction of genotype and environment.

Question 2

A child inherits a gene for brown eyes from one parent and a gene for blue eyes from the other. Brown eyes are dominant. What is the child's likely eye color, and what is the genotype?

Accepted Answer

Brown eyes; heterozygous

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of polygenic inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Height

Question 4

According to epigenetic theory, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Epigenetic mechanisms can be modified throughout the lifespan and may be passed down to the next generation.

Question 5

A researcher finds that identical twins raised apart are more similar in intelligence than fraternal twins raised together. This finding supports which field?

Accepted Answer

Behaviour genetics

Question 6

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of 'scaffolding' in Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory?

Accepted Answer

A teacher providing step-by-step guidance as a student learns to solve a math problem, gradually reducing help as the student becomes more competent.

Question 7

In classical conditioning, what is the correct sequence for acquiring a conditioned response?

Accepted Answer

Neutral stimulus paired with unconditioned stimulus, then neutral stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus eliciting conditioned response

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Taking away a chore after a child finishes their homework

Question 9

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, which stage is characterized by the development of a sense of competence through mastering cultural skills and norms?

Accepted Answer

Industry versus inferiority

Question 10

A child is able to organize activities, show assertiveness, and sometimes aggressiveness. According to Erikson, which stage is this child likely in?

Accepted Answer

Initiative versus guilt

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the systems approach to development?

Accepted Answer

Personal and external factors form a dynamic, integrated system that influences development.

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?

Accepted Answer

Giving extra chores after a child talks back to a parent

Question 13

According to Piaget, at which stage do children begin to think logically about concrete events and understand the concept of conservation?

Accepted Answer

Concrete operational

Question 14

A psychologist is studying how children learn language by interacting with adults who provide guidance and support. Which theory is most relevant to this research?

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory

Question 15

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of 'equilibration' in Piaget's theory?

Accepted Answer

A child balancing new information with existing cognitive structures to achieve understanding

Question 16

Which of the following is a key difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, while operant conditioning involves reinforcement or punishment after a behavior.

Question 17

A child is able to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical situations. According to Piaget, which stage is this?

Accepted Answer

Formal operational

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'holism' in the systems approach?

Accepted Answer

The 'whole' is primary and often greater than the sum of its parts.

Question 19

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the concept of partial reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A student receives praise only sometimes when they answer a question correctly, making the behavior more resistant to extinction.

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of gene-environment interaction?

Accepted Answer

A child inherits a gene for tall stature but is malnourished and remains short.

PSYC 220: Theories of Development – Biological, Evolutionary, and Genetic Foundations

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