Question 1

Which of the following best defines psychology as presented in the study materials?

Accepted Answer

The scientific study of the behaviour of individuals and their mental processes.

Question 2

Which principle of scientific thinking is best illustrated when a researcher considers alternative explanations for a phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Ruling out rival hypotheses

Question 3

A psychologist observes that children who experience preoperative anxiety often have parents who are also anxious. Which scientific principle should the psychologist use to avoid assuming a direct cause-and-effect relationship?

Accepted Answer

Correlation vs. causation

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a sign of pseudoscience according to the study materials?

Accepted Answer

Meaningful connectivity to other research

Question 5

Which logical fallacy involves accepting a claim because many other people believe it?

Accepted Answer

Bandwagon fallacy

Question 6

A researcher designs a study to test whether a new web-based surgery preparation program reduces anxiety in children. Which step of the scientific method does this represent?

Accepted Answer

Design study to evaluate hypotheses

Question 7

Which school of thought in psychology emphasizes the 'what' of mental behaviour and uses introspection as its primary method?

Accepted Answer

Structuralism

Question 8

According to Gestalt psychology, which statement best describes conscious experience?

Accepted Answer

It is more than the sum of its parts.

Question 9

Which psychologist is credited with bringing structuralism to North America?

Accepted Answer

Edward Titchener

Question 10

Which perspective in psychology focuses on the functions and purposes of consciousness rather than its structure?

Accepted Answer

Functionalism

Question 11

Which psychologist is most associated with the development of functionalism?

Accepted Answer

William James

Question 12

Which psychological perspective emphasizes the role of unconscious mental processes and the defense mechanism of repression?

Accepted Answer

Psychodynamic

Question 13

In the context of behaviourism, which of the following best describes the relationship between stimuli and responses?

Accepted Answer

Behaviour is a result of the interaction between stimuli and responses.

Question 14

Which psychologist is known for developing the 'Skinner Box' to study operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

B.F. Skinner

Question 15

The humanistic perspective in psychology is most closely associated with which concept?

Accepted Answer

Hierarchy of needs

Question 16

Which perspective in psychology focuses on perception, memory, and thinking, and argues that behaviour is more than just stimulus and response?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive

Question 17

A psychologist is studying the effects of neurotransmitters on mood disorders. Which psychological perspective is most relevant to this research?

Accepted Answer

Biological

Question 18

Which principle of scientific thinking requires that a claim must be testable and capable of being disproven?

Accepted Answer

Falsifiability

Question 19

A psychologist wants to ensure that their findings can be repeated by other researchers using the same methods. Which principle of scientific thinking does this illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Replicability

Question 20

Which Canadian psychologist was the first woman in Canada to earn a PhD in physiological psychology?

Accepted Answer

Brenda Milner

Psychology and Scientific Thinking: Foundations and Perspectives

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