Question 1

Which of the following best describes classical conditioning as outlined by Pavlov?

Accepted Answer

Learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus, resulting in a conditioned response.

Question 2

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, what role did the bell play after conditioning had occurred?

Accepted Answer

Conditioned stimulus

Question 3

A dog salivates when it hears a bell because the bell has been repeatedly paired with food. If the bell is presented many times without food, the dog's salivation decreases. What is this process called?

Accepted Answer

Extinction

Question 4

Which equation best represents the process of classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

$Neutral\ Stimulus + Unconditioned\ Stimulus \rightarrow Unconditioned\ Response$

Question 5

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates stimulus generalization?

Accepted Answer

A child who is bitten by a dog becomes afraid of all dogs.

Question 6

In operant conditioning, what is the effect of positive reinforcement on behavior?

Accepted Answer

It increases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated.

Question 7

Which reinforcement schedule is described by providing a reward after a random number of responses?

Accepted Answer

Variable ratio

Question 8

A student studies regularly because they receive praise from their teacher each time they do well. Which type of operant conditioning is this?

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement

Question 9

Which of the following best describes observational learning?

Accepted Answer

Learning that occurs by watching the actions of others and imitating them.

Question 10

A rat presses a lever and receives food every third time it presses. Which reinforcement schedule is being used?

Accepted Answer

Fixed ratio

Question 11

Which concept explains why a person who has learned to fear a specific sound also fears similar sounds?

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization

Question 12

According to Thorndike's Law of Effect, which outcome is most likely to increase the frequency of a behavior?

Accepted Answer

The behavior is followed by a satisfying effect.

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of latent learning?

Accepted Answer

A rat explores a maze without reinforcement and later uses its knowledge to find food quickly.

Question 14

Which process involves the gradual reduction of a conditioned response when the reinforcement is no longer presented?

Accepted Answer

Extinction

Question 15

A child learns to fear bees after being stung. Later, the child also fears wasps and hornets. What psychological process is this?

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization

Question 16

Which of the following best describes cognitive reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A mental representation of the physical features of the environment.

Question 17

Which equation best represents the Law of Effect?

Accepted Answer

$Behavior + Satisfying\ Effect \rightarrow Increased\ Likelihood\ of\ Behavior$

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a key process in observational learning according to Bandura?

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement

Question 19

A person who has learned to respond to a specific stimulus can distinguish it from similar stimuli. What is this process called?

Accepted Answer

Stimulus discrimination

Question 20

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of shaping in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior until the final behavior is achieved.

Psychology Chapter 6: Learning – Classical, Operant, and Observational Approaches

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