Q: Which formula correctly represents the calculation of sleep efficiency?

$\text{Sleep Efficiency} = \frac{\text{Total Sleep Time}}{\text{Time in Bed}} \times 100$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in regulating biological rhythms?

Accepted Answer

It receives input from the retina and sends signals to the pineal gland to regulate melatonin production.

Question 2

A researcher is studying a group of individuals who have spent several weeks in an underground chamber without exposure to natural light. What change in their sleep-wake cycle is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Their sleep-wake cycle will lengthen to approximately 25 hours.

Question 3

Which EEG pattern is most characteristic of Stage 2 sleep?

Accepted Answer

Sleep spindles and K complexes

Question 4

According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming, what is the primary source of dream content?

Accepted Answer

Random bursts of activity from the pons activating the cortex

Question 5

Which of the following is a common effect of chronic sleep deprivation?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of cardiovascular disease

Question 6

A person reports intense dreams involving themes of failure and frightening animals. According to research, which group is most likely to experience these types of dreams?

Accepted Answer

Females

Question 7

Which sleep stage is associated with rapid eye movements and vivid dreaming?

Accepted Answer

REM sleep

Question 8

Which theory of hypnosis explains increased suggestibility by emphasizing the role of beliefs and expectations?

Accepted Answer

Social cognitive theory

Question 9

If a person is unable to fall asleep for more than 20 minutes after going to bed, which sleep problem are they most likely experiencing?

Accepted Answer

Insomnia

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the difference between manifest and latent content in Freud's psychoanalytic theory of dreams?

Accepted Answer

Manifest content is the storyline; latent content is the symbolic meaning.

Question 11

Which formula correctly represents the calculation of sleep efficiency?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{Sleep Efficiency} = \frac{	ext{Total Sleep Time}}{	ext{Time in Bed}} 	imes 100$

Question 12

A patient is prescribed a hypnotic drug to help with sleep onset. Which of the following is a potential risk associated with long-term use of hypnotics?

Accepted Answer

Development of tolerance and dependence

Question 13

Which neurotransmitter is most closely associated with the regulation of sleep and wakefulness?

Accepted Answer

Serotonin

Question 14

During which sleep stage do delta waves (0.5–4 Hz) predominate in the EEG?

Accepted Answer

Stage 3

Question 15

A person is able to withstand higher levels of pain for longer periods of time while under hypnosis. Which application of hypnosis does this scenario best illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Acute pain management

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of REM sleep?

Accepted Answer

Dominance of delta waves

Question 17

Which of the following best explains the role of melatonin in the sleep-wake cycle?

Accepted Answer

It peaks in concentration at nighttime and is reduced during wakefulness.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of a circadian rhythm?

Accepted Answer

Sleep-wake cycle

Question 19

A student is multitasking, trying to study while maintaining attention for long periods and remembering information for a test. Which sleep problem would most likely impair their performance?

Accepted Answer

Sleep deprivation

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the dissociation theory of hypnosis?

Accepted Answer

Hypnosis is a state in which consciousness is divided into two parts: a lower level system involved with perception and movement and an 'executive' system that evaluates and monitors these behaviours.

Sleep, Biological Rhythms, and Consciousness: Study Notes

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