Question 1

According to Mildred Parten's observational study, which type of play is most closely associated with the development of social skills in early childhood?

Accepted Answer

Cooperative play

Question 2

A 4-year-old child frequently hits others when frustrated but begins to use words to express anger as they get older. This shift is best explained by:

Accepted Answer

A decline in egocentrism and improved understanding of others' thoughts

Question 3

Which of the following best distinguishes true aggression from rough-and-tumble play in early childhood?

Accepted Answer

The presence of intentionality to harm

Question 4

A preschooler who consistently fails to show a decline in aggressive behavior over time is most likely to:

Accepted Answer

Have a distinctive profile of temperamental traits and be raised in an aggressive environment

Question 5

Which theory claims that children organize ideas about gender using a mental framework, and at what age do they typically begin to learn gender-appropriate behaviors?

Accepted Answer

Gender schema theory; around age 2

Question 6

A child who comforts a crying peer is displaying which type of behavior, and at what age does this typically first appear?

Accepted Answer

Prosocial behavior; around 2 or 3 years old

Question 7

Which parenting style is most strongly associated with positive outcomes in children's social and personality development?

Accepted Answer

Authoritative parenting

Question 8

According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis, which of the following scenarios is most likely to result in aggressive behavior?

Accepted Answer

A child is prevented from reaching a desired goal

Question 9

Which of the following statements about the development of prosocial behavior is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Helpfulness increases with age, but comforting others is more common in younger children

Question 10

A 5-year-old who believes that boys must always play with trucks and girls must always play with dolls is demonstrating:

Accepted Answer

Rigid gender rules as described by gender schema theory

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the relationship between aggression and peer relationships in early childhood?

Accepted Answer

Aggressive children often prefer other aggressive children as playmates and lag in social-emotional functioning

Question 12

Which of the following is a key factor in the development of aggressive behavior according to social learning theory?

Accepted Answer

Modeling and reinforcement

Question 13

A child raised in a warm, loving family climate with clear explanations of rules is most likely to:

Accepted Answer

Develop strong prosocial behaviors

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the risk-resilience model in the context of family structure and child development?

Accepted Answer

It considers multiple factors that can offset risks associated with family disruptions such as divorce

Question 15

A 3-year-old who helps a peer pick up spilled blocks is demonstrating which concept?

Accepted Answer

Altruism (prosocial behavior)

Question 16

Which of the following is most likely to be observed in a preschool classroom according to the age-related changes in aggression?

Accepted Answer

A decline in physical aggression and an increase in verbal aggression

Question 17

According to cognitive-developmental theory, which of the following is necessary for a child to develop gender constancy?

Accepted Answer

Understanding that gender remains the same despite changes in appearance or activities

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why some children are more aggressive than others, even when exposed to similar environments?

Accepted Answer

Individual differences in temperament interact with environmental factors

Question 19

A child who cannot accurately perceive the intentions of others and lags in empathy development is likely to:

Accepted Answer

Exhibit higher levels of aggression and have difficulty with peer relationships

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the relationship between early friendships and later social competence?

Accepted Answer

Having a friend in early childhood is related to greater social competence

Social and Personality Development in Early Childhood: Play, Aggression, Prosocial Behavior, and Friendships

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