Question 1

According to Freud's psychosexual stages, what is the primary source of satisfaction for an infant during the oral stage (birth to two years)?

Accepted Answer

Satisfaction through the mouth, such as sucking and feeding

Question 2

Which of the following best describes Erikson's first psychosocial stage, 'trust vs. mistrust'?

Accepted Answer

The infant develops a sense of security when caregivers are responsive and consistent

Question 3

Bowlby’s attachment theory emphasizes which of the following as a critical factor in the development of secure attachment?

Accepted Answer

The caregiver’s emotional and contingent responsiveness to the infant’s cues

Question 4

In the Strange Situation experiment, which behavior is most characteristic of a securely attached infant upon reunion with the caregiver?

Accepted Answer

Seeking comfort from the caregiver and quickly calming down

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a type of insecure attachment identified by Ainsworth?

Accepted Answer

Resilient attachment

Question 6

A child who smiles more at people who regularly care for them and uses proximity-promoting behaviors is most likely in which phase of attachment development?

Accepted Answer

Attachment-in-the-making

Question 7

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of 'goodness-of-fit' in temperament?

Accepted Answer

A shy child with patient, supportive parents who encourage gradual social interaction

Question 8

Which of the following is a key difference between Freud’s and Erikson’s theories of personality development in infancy?

Accepted Answer

Freud focused on psychosexual stages, while Erikson emphasized psychosocial crises

Question 9

Which of the following best describes 'synchrony' in parent-infant relationships?

Accepted Answer

A parent and infant sharing a mutual, interlocking pattern of attachment behaviors

Question 10

A researcher wants to study the long-term effects of early attachment quality on adolescent relationships. Which research design would best address this question?

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal study

Question 11

Which of the following is a likely long-term consequence of insecure attachment in infancy, according to research on Romanian orphans?

Accepted Answer

Difficulties with peer relationships and increased risk of behavioral problems

Question 12

Which temperament type, as described by Thomas and Chess, is most likely to adapt easily to new situations and display regular eating and sleeping patterns?

Accepted Answer

Easy child

Question 13

Which of the following best defines 'effortful control' as a dimension of temperament?

Accepted Answer

The ability to focus attention and persist on tasks despite distractions

Question 14

A 3-month-old infant is most likely to demonstrate which of the following developmental milestones?

Accepted Answer

Identifying changes in emotions expressed on others’ faces

Question 15

Which of the following best describes 'social referencing' in infancy?

Accepted Answer

An infant’s use of a caregiver’s emotional expressions as a guide to their own feelings

Question 16

Which of the following is a real-world example of 'contingent responsiveness' in caregiving?

Accepted Answer

A parent who notices their infant reaching for a toy and helps them get it

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why the embryonic period is often called the 'critical period' of prenatal development?

Accepted Answer

Major organs and body systems are forming, making the embryo highly sensitive to environmental influences

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the 'objective (categorical) self' in early childhood development?

Accepted Answer

A child’s understanding that they exist as a separate individual with distinct categories or qualities

Question 19

Which of the following is most likely to disrupt synchrony and contingent responsiveness in parent-infant relationships?

Accepted Answer

Marital conflict and caregiver mental health issues

Question 20

A psychologist is interested in whether children who play violent video games are more aggressive than those who do not. Which of the following best describes a cross-sectional research design for this question?

Accepted Answer

Comparing aggression levels in different groups of children at one point in time

Social and Personality Development in Infancy: Psychoanalytic and Ethological Perspectives

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