Chapter 15.1

Social Psychology

Introduction to Social Psychology

Social psychology examines how an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by their social environment, including situations, groups, and relationships. It explores the mechanisms by which people interact, conform, and respond to social norms and roles.

• Social Psychology: The scientific study of how people's behavior, thoughts, and emotions are affected by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others.

• Example: A person may act differently when alone versus when in a group.

Mimicry

Mimicry refers to the unconscious copying of others' behaviors, which can facilitate social bonding and group cohesion.

• Mimicry: Imitating the actions, gestures, or expressions of others.

• Example: Smiling when others smile.

Social Norms

Social norms are unwritten rules that govern acceptable behavior within a group or society. They help maintain order and predictability.

• Social Norms: Informal guidelines for behavior in social contexts.

• Example: Saying "thank you" after receiving help.

Social Roles

Social roles are expectations for behavior based on one's position or status within a group or society.

• Social Roles: Patterns of behavior expected of individuals in specific positions.

• Example: A teacher is expected to lead a class.

Ostracism

Ostracism involves being ignored or excluded from a group, often because one does not conform to group norms or expectations.

• Ostracism: Social exclusion or rejection.

• Example: Not being invited to group activities.

Power of Social Roles: The Stanford Prison Experiment

The Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrated how quickly individuals adopt social roles and how these roles can influence behavior.

• Stanford Prison Experiment: Participants assigned as "guards" became harsh, while "prisoners" became passive.

• Key Point: Social roles can strongly affect behavior, sometimes leading to negative outcomes.

Attribution Theory

Attribution theory explains how people interpret the causes of behavior, distinguishing between internal (dispositional) and external (situational) attributions.

• Internal Attributions: Behavior is attributed to personality or traits.

• External Attributions: Behavior is attributed to situational factors.

• Example: Assuming someone is late because they are careless (internal) versus because of traffic (external).

Fundamental Attribution Error

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overemphasize internal factors and underestimate situational influences when explaining others' behavior.

• Definition: Blaming people's personality instead of considering their situation.

• Example: Assuming a person is rude because of their character, not their circumstances.

Actor-Observer Bias

The actor-observer bias occurs when people attribute their own actions to situational factors but others' actions to dispositional factors.

• Definition: Viewing others' behavior as reflecting their character, but excusing one's own behavior as situational.

• Example: Calling someone lazy for being late, but blaming your own lateness on traffic.

Just-World Hypothesis

The just-world hypothesis is the belief that people get what they deserve, which can lead to victim-blaming.

• Definition: The assumption that outcomes are deserved, often leading to internal explanations for behavior.

• Example: Believing that someone who suffers misfortune must have done something to deserve it.

Conformity: Asch 1955 Study

Solomon Asch's 1955 study demonstrated the power of conformity, showing that people often go along with the group even when the group is clearly wrong.

• Asch Conformity Study: Participants asked to match line lengths; actors gave wrong answers, and others conformed to fit in.

• Key Point: Social pressure can lead individuals to conform against their own judgment.

Types of Conformity

• Normative Conformity: Conforming to be accepted by the group.

• Informational Conformity: Conforming because one believes the group is correct.

• Example: Agreeing with a group's answer to avoid standing out (normative), or because you doubt your own judgment (informational).

Groupthink

Groupthink occurs when a group prioritizes harmony and consensus over critical evaluation, often leading to poor decision-making.

• Definition: Group members agree to keep peace instead of engaging in critical thinking.

• Example: A team ignores warning signs to avoid conflict.

Deindividuation

Deindividuation is the loss of self-awareness and individual accountability in groups, which can lead to behaviors one would not perform alone.

• Definition: Acting differently in a crowd than when alone.

• Example: Engaging in rowdy behavior during a protest.

Obedience: Milgram Paradigm

The Milgram experiment investigated obedience to authority, revealing that people are likely to follow orders even when they conflict with personal morals.

• Milgram Paradigm: People obey more when authority is close and the victim is out of sight.

• Key Point: Individuals may obey authority figures even if it feels wrong.

• Example: Participants administered shocks to others under instruction.