Study Guide: Psychological Disorders and Treatment

Trastornos psicológicos y terapia (Psychological Disorders and Treatment)

Definición y criterios de los trastornos psicológicos

Psychological disorders are patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that are deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional. They interfere with daily functioning and are not typical or culturally expected responses.

• Trastorno psicológico: A mental condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

• Criterios: Deviance, distress, dysfunction, and sometimes danger.

• Ejemplo: Major depressive disorder involves persistent sadness and loss of interest.

Modelos explicativos de los trastornos psicológicos

Several models explain the origins and maintenance of psychological disorders:

• Modelo biomédico: Focuses on biological factors such as genetics and neurochemistry.

• Modelo psicológico: Emphasizes cognitive, emotional, and behavioral factors.

• Modelo sociocultural: Considers the influence of society and culture.

• Modelo biopsicosocial: Integrates biological, psychological, and social factors.

Diagnóstico y clasificación

Diagnosis involves identifying symptoms and classifying disorders using standardized criteria.

• DSM-5: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, is the primary classification system.

• CIE-10: The International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition, is also used globally.

• Ejemplo: Anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and phobias.

Trastornos de ansiedad (Anxiety Disorders)

Anxiety disorders are characterized by excessive fear and anxiety.

• Trastorno de ansiedad generalizada (TAG): Persistent and excessive worry about various aspects of life.

• Trastorno de pánico: Sudden episodes of intense fear (panic attacks).

• Fobias: Irrational fears of specific objects or situations.

• Trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo (TOC): Recurrent obsessions and compulsions.

• Trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT): Persistent distress after experiencing trauma.

Trastornos del estado de ánimo (Mood Disorders)

Mood disorders involve disturbances in emotional state.

• Depresión mayor: Persistent sadness, loss of interest, and other symptoms.

• Trastorno bipolar: Alternating periods of depression and mania.

• Distimia: Chronic, less severe depression.

Ejemplo de síntomas depresivos: Fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, sleep disturbances.

Trastornos psicóticos (Psychotic Disorders)

Psychotic disorders are marked by a loss of contact with reality.

• Esquizofrenia: Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior.

• Síntomas positivos: Hallucinations, delusions.

• Síntomas negativos: Flat affect, social withdrawal.

Trastornos de la personalidad (Personality Disorders)

Personality disorders are enduring patterns of behavior and inner experience that deviate from cultural expectations.

• Grupo A: Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal.

• Grupo B: Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic.

• Grupo C: Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive.

Trastornos del desarrollo/neurodesarrollo (Neurodevelopmental Disorders)

These disorders begin in childhood and affect development.

• TDAH: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, characterized by inattention and hyperactivity.

• Trastorno del espectro autista: Deficits in social communication and restricted interests.

• Trastorno de conducta: Persistent pattern of violating social norms.

Tratamiento de los trastornos psicológicos (Treatment of Psychological Disorders)

Treatment approaches include psychotherapy, biomedical therapies, and community interventions.

• Psicoterapia: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), psychodynamic therapy, humanistic therapy.

• Terapias biomédicas: Medication (antidepressants, antipsychotics), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

• Intervenciones comunitarias: Support groups, psychoeducation.

Alianza terapéutica (Therapeutic Alliance)

The therapeutic alliance refers to the collaborative relationship between therapist and client, which is crucial for effective treatment.

• Importancia: Research shows a strong alliance predicts better outcomes.

Comparación de tratamientos

Different treatments are compared based on efficacy, side effects, and suitability for specific disorders.

Tipo de tratamiento	Ventajas	Desventajas
Psicoterapia	Sin efectos secundarios físicos, mejora habilidades de afrontamiento	Requiere tiempo, motivación
Medicamentos	Alivio rápido de síntomas	Efectos secundarios, riesgo de dependencia
ECT	Eficaz en depresión grave	Riesgo de efectos cognitivos

Evaluación y ética en psicología clínica

Assessment involves interviews, questionnaires, and observation. Ethical practice requires confidentiality, informed consent, and respect for client autonomy.

• Ejemplo: Use of standardized tests to diagnose depression.

Formulas y conceptos clave

• Prevalencia: Proporción de personas que presentan un trastorno en un periodo determinado.

• Incidencia: Número de casos nuevos en un periodo.

$\text{Prevalencia} = \frac{\text{Número de casos existentes}}{\text{Población total}}$

$\text{Incidencia} = \frac{\text{Número de casos nuevos}}{\text{Población en riesgo}}$

Additional info:

Some content was expanded for clarity and completeness, including definitions, examples, and classification tables.