Question 1

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'cognitive economy' in human thinking?

Accepted Answer

The tendency to invest as little mental energy as possible by simplifying information processing.

Question 2

A person judges that a quiet, bookish individual is more likely to be a librarian than a salesperson, despite there being far more salespeople than librarians. Which cognitive bias is this an example of?

Accepted Answer

Representativeness heuristic

Question 3

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the availability heuristic?

Accepted Answer

Believing airplane crashes are more common than car accidents because plane crashes are more heavily reported in the news.

Question 4

What is the main difference between an algorithm and a heuristic in problem solving?

Accepted Answer

Algorithms are inflexible, step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution, while heuristics are mental shortcuts that do not guarantee a correct answer.

Question 5

A person is unable to think of using a paperclip as a tool to unlock a door because they only see it as something to hold papers together. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Functional fixedness

Question 6

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of 'framing' in decision-making?

Accepted Answer

Choosing a medical treatment described as having a '90% survival rate' rather than one described as having a '10% mortality rate', even though both are statistically identical.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a feature of language as described in the study materials?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive bias

Question 8

In the context of language, what is a morpheme?

Accepted Answer

The smallest unit of meaning in a language.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about phonemes is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Phonemes are the smallest units of sound in a language, and each language uses only a subset of all possible phonemes.

Question 10

A child says 'goed' instead of 'went' after learning the '-ed' rule for past tense. This error best demonstrates:

Accepted Answer

Overregularization in syntactic development

Question 11

Which account of language acquisition suggests that children are born with an innate ability to understand the structure of language?

Accepted Answer

Nativist theory

Question 12

Why are emails and text messages particularly prone to miscommunication, according to the study materials?

Accepted Answer

They lack extralinguistic information such as tone of voice and facial expressions.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the Stroop effect as it relates to reading?

Accepted Answer

It reveals that reading becomes automatic and can interfere with other tasks, such as naming the color of ink.

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of top-down processing?

Accepted Answer

Using your knowledge of restaurant menus to quickly decide what to order at a new restaurant.

Question 15

According to the study materials, what is the main limitation of the imitation theory of language acquisition?

Accepted Answer

It cannot explain why children make errors like 'goed' for 'went'.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the speed-accuracy tradeoff in reading?

Accepted Answer

As reading speed increases above 400 words per minute, comprehension drops significantly.

Question 17

A child who uses context, gestures, and expressions to infer the meaning of words is demonstrating which account of language acquisition?

Accepted Answer

Social pragmatics theory

Question 18

Which of the following is TRUE about sign language, according to the study materials?

Accepted Answer

Sign language has its own phonemes, syntax, and developmental stages similar to spoken language.

Question 19

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of 'functional fixedness'?

Accepted Answer

Being unable to see that a box of tacks can be used as a candle holder, not just as a container.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about language development in children is supported by the study materials?

Accepted Answer

Children recognize their own name by 6 months and comprehend other words by 10-12 months.

Thinking, Reasoning, and Language: Cognitive Processes in Psychology

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