Question 1

Which of the following best distinguishes between a reflex and an instinct?

Accepted Answer

A reflex is an automatic, involuntary response to a specific stimulus, while an instinct is a more complex, innate drive involving the whole organism.

Question 2

According to the definition provided, learning is best described as:

Accepted Answer

A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge resulting from experience.

Question 3

Which scenario best illustrates habituation?

Accepted Answer

A child stops noticing the ticking of a clock in their room after several days.

Question 4

In classical conditioning, what is the role of the neutral stimulus (NS) before conditioning occurs?

Accepted Answer

It does not elicit any specific response related to the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the process of extinction in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

The conditioned response decreases and eventually disappears when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 6

A person who was bitten by a dog as a child now fears all dogs, not just the one that bit them. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?

Accepted Answer

Scolding a student for talking in class.

Question 8

According to the law of effect, which of the following is most likely to increase the frequency of a behavior?

Accepted Answer

Rewarding the behavior with a positive consequence.

Question 9

A slot machine pays out after an unpredictable number of lever pulls. This is an example of which schedule of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Variable ratio

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why partial reinforcement leads to slower extinction than continuous reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Behaviors reinforced only occasionally are more resistant to extinction because the individual cannot predict when the next reinforcement will occur.

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of biological preparedness in learning?

Accepted Answer

A person developing a fear of snakes more easily than a fear of cars.

Question 12

In the context of operant conditioning, which equation best represents the relationship between reinforcement and behavior frequency?

Accepted Answer

$$Frequency_{after} = Frequency_{before} + Reinforcement$$

Question 13

Which of the following best illustrates latent learning?

Accepted Answer

A rat learns a maze but only demonstrates its knowledge when food is introduced as a reward.

Question 14

Observational learning requires all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Receiving direct reinforcement for the behavior.

Question 15

Which of the following is a real-world example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

Accepted Answer

A patient takes pain relief medication every 6 hours.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'instinctive drift'?

Accepted Answer

The tendency for animals to revert to innate behaviors after repeated reinforcement.

Question 17

In the 'Little Albert' experiment, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

Accepted Answer

The loud noise

Question 18

Which of the following is a potential negative consequence of using punishment to modify behavior?

Accepted Answer

It may create anxiety and encourage subversive behavior.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains the development of a fetish according to classical conditioning principles?

Accepted Answer

A nonsexual object is repeatedly paired with sexual arousal, eventually eliciting arousal on its own.

Question 20

According to research on media violence, which of the following is NOT a documented effect of exposure to violent media?

Accepted Answer

Increasing empathy for victims of violence.

Topic 6: Learning – Psychology Study Notes

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