Question 1

Which of the following best describes the trait approach to personality?

Accepted Answer

It uses language as descriptors to characterize differences among individuals.

Question 2

According to Freud, which structure of personality operates on the reality principle and mediates between the id and superego?

Accepted Answer

Ego

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits?

Accepted Answer

Authoritarianism

Question 4

A researcher uses factor analysis to identify clusters of related personality traits. What is the main purpose of this statistical method?

Accepted Answer

To reduce a large number of variables into a smaller set of underlying factors

Question 5

Which defense mechanism involves attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone else?

Accepted Answer

Projection

Question 6

According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which need must be satisfied before an individual can pursue self-actualization?

Accepted Answer

Physiological needs

Question 7

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of reciprocal determinism in Bandura’s social learning theory?

Accepted Answer

A person’s behavior, environment, and personal factors all influence each other.

Question 8

A student who fails an exam blames the teacher for not explaining the material well, rather than accepting responsibility. Which defense mechanism is this an example of?

Accepted Answer

Rationalization

Question 9

Which statement best reflects the humanistic perspective on personality?

Accepted Answer

Personality is a result of striving for growth and realizing one’s full potential.

Question 10

In Freud’s psychosexual stages, fixation at the anal stage may result in which adult personality trait?

Accepted Answer

Orderliness or messiness

Question 11

Which of the following is a projective test used to assess personality?

Accepted Answer

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Question 12

A person who channels aggressive impulses into playing competitive sports is using which defense mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Sublimation

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the concept of self-actualization?

Accepted Answer

Achieving one’s full potential and becoming the best version of oneself

Question 14

According to the trait model, which formula best represents the relationship between observed behavior ($$B$$), trait ($$T$$), and situation ($$S$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$B = T + S$$

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of the defense mechanism of displacement?

Accepted Answer

Yelling at a friend after being criticized by your boss

Question 16

Which level of consciousness, according to Freud, contains thoughts and memories that are not currently in awareness but can be easily retrieved?

Accepted Answer

Preconscious

Question 17

Which of the following statements about the Big Five personality traits is supported by cross-cultural research?

Accepted Answer

The Big Five traits have been identified in many different cultures.

Question 18

A person who is described as outgoing, sociable, and energetic would likely score high on which Big Five trait?

Accepted Answer

Extraversion

Question 19

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of environmental determinism in behaviorism?

Accepted Answer

A person’s actions are shaped by reinforcement and punishment from their surroundings.

Question 20

Which of the following is a criticism of Freud’s psychodynamic theory according to modern psychology?

Accepted Answer

Many of its concepts are not supported by scientific evidence.

psychology chapter 14 notes

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