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Hypothesis Testing: Proportions - Excel definitions

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  • Null Hypothesis
    Represents the assumption that the population proportion equals a specified value, serving as the baseline for statistical testing.
  • Alternative Hypothesis
    Expresses the claim being tested, indicating the population proportion differs from the value stated in the null hypothesis.
  • Population Proportion
    Describes the fraction of individuals in the entire population exhibiting a particular characteristic.
  • Sample Proportion
    Measures the fraction of individuals in the sample with a specific attribute, calculated as successes divided by sample size.
  • Alpha
    Denotes the threshold probability for statistical significance, commonly set at 0.05 in hypothesis testing.
  • Test Statistic
    Quantifies the difference between observed and expected sample results, standardized for comparison to a reference distribution.
  • Z Score
    Indicates how many standard deviations the sample proportion is from the hypothesized population proportion.
  • P Value
    Represents the probability of observing results as extreme as the sample, assuming the null hypothesis is true.
  • Sample Size
    Refers to the number of individuals or observations included in the sample for analysis.
  • COUNTIF
    Excel function used to tally occurrences of a specified response within a dataset, aiding in calculating sample proportions.
  • NORM.S.DIST
    Excel function that computes cumulative probabilities for the standard normal distribution, useful for finding p values.
  • Left Tail Probability
    Probability that a value falls below a specified threshold in a distribution, relevant for one-sided hypothesis tests.
  • Cumulative Probability
    Total probability up to a certain value in a distribution, often used to determine p values in hypothesis testing.
  • Inferential Statistics
    Branch of statistics focused on drawing conclusions about populations based on sample data.
  • Absentee Ballot
    Voting method allowing individuals to participate in elections without being physically present at polling locations.