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Ch. 1 Study Terms to Know

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  • Statistics

    The science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, and analyzing information to draw conclusions or answer questions.

  • Data

    Facts or propositions to draw a conclusion or make a decision.

  • Population

    All subjects (humans or otherwise) that are being studied.

  • Individual

    A person or object that is a memeber of the population being studied.

  • Sample

    Subset of the population

  • A statistic

    Numerical summary of a sample.

  • Descriptive Statistics

    Consist of organizing and summarizing the information collected.

  • Inferential Statistics

    Uses methods that take a result from a sample, extend it to the population, and measure the reliability of the result.

  • Parameter

    Numerical summary of a population

  • Variable

    Characteristics of the individuals within the population.

  • Qualitive Variables

    Allow for classification of individuals based on some characteristics or attributes.

  • Quantitive Variables

    Provides numerical measures of individuals.

  • Discrete Variable

    Quantitive variable that has either a finite number of possible values or a countable number of possible values. Ex. Number of Siblings, Number of Classes you're taking

  • Continuous Variable

    Quantitive variable that has an infinite number of possible values that are not countable. Ex. Driving distance to LC, Temperature, How much coffee is in a mug

  • Random sampling

    Process of using chance to select individuals from a population to be included in the sample

  • Simple random sample

    A sample size of n from a population of size N is obtained through _____ if every possible sample of size n has an equally likely chance of occurring.

  • Stratified Sample

    Obtained by separating the population into non-overlapping groups called strata then obtaining a simple random sample from each stratum.

  • Systematic Sampling

    Obtained by selecting the kth individual from the population.

  • Cluster Sampling

    Obtained by selecting ALL indivudals within a randomly selected collection or group of individuals.

  • Convenience Sampling

    A sample in which the individuals are easily obtained.

  • Sampling Bias

    The technique used to obtain the individuals to be in the sample tends to favor one part of the population over another.

  • Nonresponsive Bias

    Exists when the individuals selected to be in the sample do not respond to the survey and have different opinions of the ones who do respond.

  • Responsive Bias

    Answers on survey do not reflect the true feelings of the respondent.