Skip to main content
Back

A&P 1 Week 1 Lab Worksheet Study Guidance

NotesPracticeVideo lessons

Study Guide - Smart Notes

Tailored notes based on your materials, expanded with key definitions, examples, and context.

Q1. What is the original growth phase following cell division?

Background

Topic: Cell Cycle Phases

This question tests your understanding of the stages of the cell cycle, specifically the phase that occurs immediately after a cell divides.

Key Terms:

  • G1 Phase: The first gap phase after cell division.

  • Cell Cycle: The series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Recall the sequence of cell cycle phases: G1, S, G2, Mitosis, Cytokinesis.

  2. Identify which phase comes directly after cytokinesis (cell division).

  3. Think about what happens in this phase: cell growth, preparation for DNA synthesis.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Final Answer: G1 Phase

The G1 phase is the original growth phase following cell division, where the cell grows and prepares for DNA replication.

Q2. During which phase is DNA synthesized into two copies?

Background

Topic: Cell Cycle Phases

This question is about the phase in which DNA replication occurs, resulting in two identical copies of DNA.

Key Terms:

  • S Phase: Synthesis phase of the cell cycle.

  • DNA Replication: The process of copying DNA.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Review the phases of interphase: G1, S, G2.

  2. Identify which phase is responsible for DNA synthesis.

  3. Consider what happens during this phase: DNA is duplicated.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Final Answer: S Phase

DNA is synthesized into two copies during the S (Synthesis) phase of the cell cycle.

Q3. What is the second growth phase which is preparation for cell division?

Background

Topic: Cell Cycle Phases

This question asks about the phase after DNA synthesis, where the cell prepares for mitosis.

Key Terms:

  • G2 Phase: Second gap phase.

  • Preparation for Mitosis: The cell checks for DNA errors and prepares for division.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Recall the order of cell cycle phases: G1, S, G2, Mitosis.

  2. Identify which phase comes after S phase and before mitosis.

  3. Think about the purpose of this phase: checking DNA, preparing cellular machinery.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Final Answer: G2 Phase

The G2 phase is the second growth phase, preparing the cell for division.

Q4. Which phases comprise interphase?

Background

Topic: Cell Cycle Phases

This question tests your knowledge of which phases are included in interphase, the period between cell divisions.

Key Terms:

  • Interphase: The period of the cell cycle between divisions.

  • G1, S, G2: The three phases of interphase.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. List the phases of the cell cycle.

  2. Identify which phases are part of interphase (not mitosis or cytokinesis).

  3. Recall what happens in each phase: growth, DNA synthesis, preparation for division.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Final Answer: G1, S, and G2 Phases

Interphase consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases, where the cell grows, replicates DNA, and prepares for division.

Q5. Which phases comprise true mitosis (not cytokinesis)?

Background

Topic: Mitosis Phases

This question is about the stages of mitosis, excluding cytokinesis.

Key Terms:

  • Mitosis: The process of nuclear division.

  • Phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Recall the sequence of mitosis phases.

  2. Identify which phases are part of mitosis, not cytokinesis.

  3. Think about what happens in each phase: chromosome condensation, alignment, separation, and reformation of nuclei.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Final Answer: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

True mitosis includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Q6. During which phase does chromatin condense into chromosomes?

Background

Topic: Mitosis Phases

This question tests your knowledge of the phase where chromatin condenses to form visible chromosomes.

Key Terms:

  • Chromatin: DNA and protein complex in the nucleus.

  • Chromosome Condensation: Occurs at the start of mitosis.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Recall the events of mitosis.

  2. Identify the phase where chromatin changes structure.

  3. Think about the visibility of chromosomes under a microscope.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Final Answer: Prophase

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes during prophase.

Q7. During which phase does the nucleus disappear?

Background

Topic: Mitosis Phases

This question is about the phase when the nuclear envelope breaks down.

Key Terms:

  • Nuclear Envelope: Membrane surrounding the nucleus.

  • Disappearance: Occurs early in mitosis.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Recall the sequence of events in mitosis.

  2. Identify the phase when the nuclear envelope dissolves.

  3. Think about why this is necessary for chromosome separation.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Final Answer: Prophase

The nucleus disappears during prophase as the nuclear envelope breaks down.

Q8. During which phase do chromosomes align in the middle of the cell?

Background

Topic: Mitosis Phases

This question tests your knowledge of the phase where chromosomes line up at the cell's equator.

Key Terms:

  • Metaphase: Phase of mitosis where chromosomes align.

  • Metaphase Plate: Imaginary line at the cell's center.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Recall the phases of mitosis.

  2. Identify the phase where chromosomes are positioned at the cell's center.

  3. Think about the importance of alignment for equal separation.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Final Answer: Metaphase

Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell during metaphase.

Q9. During which phase do microtubules form poles and begin a “tug-of-war” with chromosomes?

Background

Topic: Mitosis Phases

This question is about the phase when spindle fibers attach to chromosomes and start pulling them apart.

Key Terms:

  • Spindle Apparatus: Structure made of microtubules.

  • Anaphase: Phase where chromosomes are pulled toward opposite poles.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Recall the phases of mitosis and the role of spindle fibers.

  2. Identify the phase when chromosomes are separated.

  3. Think about the movement of chromosomes toward the poles.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Final Answer: Anaphase

Microtubules form poles and pull chromosomes apart during anaphase.

Q10. During which phase do chromosomes start to unpack and new nuclear envelopes form?

Background

Topic: Mitosis Phases

This question tests your knowledge of the phase when chromosomes decondense and nuclei reform.

Key Terms:

  • Telophase: Final phase of mitosis.

  • Chromosome Decondensation: Chromosomes return to chromatin.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Recall the sequence of mitosis phases.

  2. Identify the phase after chromosomes are separated.

  3. Think about the reformation of nuclear envelopes and chromatin unpacking.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Final Answer: Telophase

Chromosomes unpack and new nuclear envelopes form during telophase.

Q11. What is the stage of the cell cycle where cells are pinched apart?

Background

Topic: Cell Division

This question is about the process that physically separates the two daughter cells.

Key Terms:

  • Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm.

  • Cell Division: The final step after mitosis.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Recall the steps after mitosis.

  2. Identify the process that splits the cell into two.

  3. Think about the mechanism: contractile ring, cleavage furrow.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Final Answer: Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis is the stage where cells are pinched apart to form two daughter cells.

Q12. What is the signaling molecule that travels through blood and binds to a plasma membrane receptor?

Background

Topic: Cell Communication and Protein Synthesis

This question is about the molecules that initiate cell signaling by binding to receptors on the cell membrane.

Key Terms:

  • Ligand: A molecule that binds to a receptor.

  • Receptor: Protein on the cell membrane that receives signals.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Recall the types of signaling molecules in the body (hormones, neurotransmitters).

  2. Identify the term for a molecule that binds to a receptor.

  3. Think about the role of this molecule in initiating cellular responses.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Final Answer: Ligand

A ligand is a signaling molecule that travels through blood and binds to a plasma membrane receptor.

Q13. What is the location of DNA storage in the cell?

Background

Topic: Cell Structure

This question tests your knowledge of where DNA is stored in eukaryotic cells.

Key Terms:

  • Nucleus: Organelle that contains DNA.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Recall the organelles in a cell.

  2. Identify which organelle houses genetic material.

  3. Think about the function of this organelle in transcription.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Final Answer: Nucleus

The nucleus is the location of DNA storage in the cell.

Q14. What is the first step in protein synthesis by reading DNA blueprints?

Background

Topic: Protein Synthesis

This question is about the process where DNA is copied into RNA.

Key Terms:

  • Transcription: The process of copying DNA into RNA.

  • mRNA: Messenger RNA.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Recall the steps of protein synthesis: transcription and translation.

  2. Identify which step involves reading DNA and making RNA.

  3. Think about the type of RNA produced in this step.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Final Answer: Transcription

Transcription is the first step in protein synthesis, where DNA is copied into mRNA.

Q15. What is the organelle where mRNA is translated into protein?

Background

Topic: Protein Synthesis

This question tests your knowledge of the site of translation in the cell.

Key Terms:

  • Ribosome: Organelle responsible for protein synthesis.

  • Translation: Process of converting mRNA into amino acid sequence.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Recall the steps of protein synthesis.

  2. Identify the organelle involved in translation.

  3. Think about the location of ribosomes (free or on rough ER).

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Final Answer: Ribosome

mRNA is translated into protein at the ribosome.

Q16. What is the process of converting nucleic acid code to amino acid code?

Background

Topic: Protein Synthesis

This question is about the process where mRNA is decoded to build a protein.

Key Terms:

  • Translation: Decoding mRNA to synthesize proteins.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Recall the two main steps of protein synthesis.

  2. Identify which step involves converting mRNA to amino acids.

  3. Think about the role of tRNA and ribosomes in this process.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Final Answer: Translation

Translation is the process of converting nucleic acid code to amino acid code.

Q17. What type of RNA escorts amino acids to the ribosome?

Background

Topic: Protein Synthesis

This question tests your knowledge of the RNA involved in bringing amino acids to the ribosome.

Key Terms:

  • tRNA: Transfer RNA.

  • Amino Acid Transport: Role of tRNA in translation.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Recall the types of RNA involved in protein synthesis.

  2. Identify which RNA carries amino acids.

  3. Think about the anticodon-codon matching process.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Final Answer: tRNA

tRNA escorts amino acids to the ribosome during translation.

Q18. Sets of 3 nucleotides called codons code for how many different types of amino acids?

Background

Topic: Genetic Code

This question is about the number of amino acids encoded by the genetic code.

Key Terms:

  • Codon: Sequence of three nucleotides.

  • Amino Acids: Building blocks of proteins.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Recall the number of amino acids used in human proteins.

  2. Think about the genetic code and how codons specify amino acids.

  3. Review the standard number of amino acids in the genetic code.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Final Answer: 20

There are 20 different types of amino acids coded by sets of 3 nucleotides (codons).

Q19. What type of bond binds amino acids together?

Background

Topic: Protein Structure

This question is about the chemical bond that links amino acids in a protein.

Key Terms:

  • Peptide Bond: Covalent bond between amino acids.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Recall the process of protein synthesis.

  2. Identify the bond formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another.

  3. Think about the name of this bond.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Final Answer: Peptide Bond

Amino acids are bound together by peptide bonds.

Q20. What is a polymer of more than 55 amino acids called? What is it called if it is 54 or fewer?

Background

Topic: Protein Structure

This question is about the terminology for chains of amino acids based on their length.

Key Terms:

  • Protein: Polymer of more than 55 amino acids.

  • Polypeptide: Polymer of 54 or fewer amino acids.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Recall the definitions of protein and polypeptide.

  2. Identify the cutoff number for each term.

  3. Think about the functional differences between proteins and polypeptides.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Final Answer: Protein (more than 55 amino acids), Polypeptide (54 or fewer amino acids)

A polymer with more than 55 amino acids is called a protein; 54 or fewer is called a polypeptide.

Pearson Logo

Study Prep