Question 1

Which of the following best explains why water-soluble hormones, such as epinephrine, require a secondary messenger system to exert their effects on target cells?

Accepted Answer

They cannot cross the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane, so they bind to surface receptors and activate intracellular signaling cascades.

Question 2

A patient presents with jaundice following a traumatic injury. Which organ is most likely failing to process the breakdown product of hemoglobin, and which product is accumulating?

Accepted Answer

The liver; bilirubin

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of the coagulation cascade?

Accepted Answer

The intrinsic pathway is slower and involves all clotting factors found in the blood, while the extrinsic pathway is faster and initiated by tissue factor (Factor III) from outside the blood.

Question 4

A patient with type AB+ blood is considered a universal recipient. Which of the following best explains why?

Accepted Answer

They have both A and B antigens and the Rh antigen, so they do not produce anti-A, anti-B, or anti-Rh antibodies.

Question 5

During ventricular systole, which heart valves are open and which are closed?

Accepted Answer

AV valves are closed; semilunar valves are open.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the Frank-Starling Law of the heart?

Accepted Answer

The more the cardiac muscle is stretched during filling (preload), the greater the force of contraction and stroke volume, up to a physiological limit.

Question 7

A patient is given a medication that blocks aldosterone receptors. What is the most likely effect on their electrolyte balance?

Accepted Answer

Decreased sodium reabsorption and increased potassium retention

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why a deficiency in surfactant leads to respiratory distress in premature infants?

Accepted Answer

Surfactant reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing collapse during exhalation.

Question 9

According to Boyle’s Law, what happens to the pressure in the lungs when the diaphragm contracts and the thoracic cavity volume increases?

Accepted Answer

Pressure decreases, causing air to flow into the lungs.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the process of gluconeogenesis?

Accepted Answer

The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors such as amino acids and glycerol, primarily in the liver.

Question 11

A patient with metabolic acidosis is likely to have which of the following arterial blood gas (ABG) results?

Accepted Answer

$$pH = 7.25$$, $$HCO_3^- = 16$ mEq/L$

Question 12

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts of the kidney, and what is its main stimulus for release?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); increased plasma osmolality

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of the hepatic portal vein?

Accepted Answer

It transports nutrient-rich blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver for processing.

Question 14

Which immune cell is most responsible for the rapid secondary antibody response upon re-exposure to an antigen?

Accepted Answer

Memory B cell

Question 15

A patient with a deficiency in vitamin K is most likely to experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Increased bleeding and impaired blood clotting

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why the right ventricle wall is thinner than the left ventricle wall?

Accepted Answer

The right ventricle pumps blood a shorter distance to the lungs, requiring less force.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the flow of filtrate through the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Glomerulus → Proximal convoluted tubule → Loop of Henle → Distal convoluted tubule → Collecting duct

Question 18

Which hormone surge is most directly responsible for triggering ovulation in the female reproductive cycle?

Accepted Answer

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of the white pulp of the spleen?

Accepted Answer

It contains lymphocytes that initiate immune responses to blood-borne antigens.

Question 20

A newborn is diagnosed with hemolytic disease of the newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis). Which maternal-fetal blood type combination is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Mother is Rh-negative, fetus is Rh-positive

A&P II Comprehensive Study Guide: Physiology, Blood, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Immune, Respiratory, Digestive, Metabolism, Urinary, Fluid/Electrolyte, Reproductive, and Development

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards