A&P II Exam 2 Study Guide: Lymphatic, Immune, and Respiratory Systems

Q1. What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

Background

Topic: Lymphatic System Overview

This question tests your understanding of the main roles the lymphatic system plays in the body, including fluid balance, immune defense, and absorption of dietary fats.

Key Terms:

• Lymphatic system

• Immunity

• Fluid balance

• Absorption of fats

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. List the three primary functions of the lymphatic system. Think about how it interacts with the circulatory and immune systems.

2. For each function, provide a brief explanation or example (e.g., how it returns interstitial fluid to the bloodstream).

3. Consider how the lymphatic system helps protect the body from pathogens.

4. Think about the role of the lymphatic system in absorbing fats from the digestive tract.

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Q2. How much fluid is returned per day by the lymphatic system?

Background

Topic: Lymphatic System Fluid Recovery

This question focuses on the quantitative aspect of fluid balance maintained by the lymphatic system.

Key Terms:

• Interstitial fluid

• Lymph

• Fluid return

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. Recall the approximate volume of fluid filtered out of capillaries into tissues each day.

2. Determine how much of this fluid is not reabsorbed directly into blood capillaries and must be returned by the lymphatic system.

3. Express your answer in liters per day.

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Q3. Lymph is similar to which other fluid? List the components of lymph. Why is it white?

Background

Topic: Lymph Composition and Appearance

This question tests your knowledge of the similarities between lymph and other body fluids, as well as the specific components and appearance of lymph.

Key Terms:

• Lymph

• Plasma

• Chyle

• White appearance

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. Identify which body fluid lymph most closely resembles in composition.

2. List the main components found in lymph (e.g., water, proteins, cells).

3. Explain why lymph appears white, especially after a fatty meal.

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Q4. What are lymphatic capillaries? What is another term for them?

Background

Topic: Lymphatic Capillaries Structure and Terminology

This question asks you to define lymphatic capillaries and recall alternative terminology.

Key Terms:

• Lymphatic capillaries

• Lacteals

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. Define what lymphatic capillaries are and their role in the lymphatic system.

2. Recall the specific term used for lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine.

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Q5. How are lymphatic capillaries different from systemic capillaries? How does their structure affect their permeability?

Background

Topic: Capillary Structure and Function

This question compares the structure and permeability of lymphatic versus blood capillaries.

Key Terms:

• Permeability

• Endothelial cells

• One-way valves

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. Describe the structural differences between lymphatic and blood capillaries (e.g., overlapping endothelial cells, absence of basement membrane).

2. Explain how these differences affect what substances can enter lymphatic capillaries.

3. Discuss the significance of one-way valves in lymphatic capillaries.

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Q6. What determines if substances enter the lymphatic capillary? What type of material/debris/cells enter?

Background

Topic: Lymphatic Capillary Function

This question focuses on the mechanisms that allow substances to enter lymphatic capillaries and the types of materials transported.

Key Terms:

• Hydrostatic pressure

• Interstitial fluid

• Debris, pathogens, cells

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. Explain the role of pressure gradients in determining entry of substances into lymphatic capillaries.

2. List examples of materials that can enter (e.g., proteins, pathogens, cell debris).

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!