Question 1

Which of the following best explains why lymphatic capillaries are more permeable than blood capillaries?

Accepted Answer

Their endothelial cells overlap loosely, forming one-way minivalves that open when interstitial pressure increases.

Question 2

A patient presents with swelling in their right arm after lymph node removal due to cancer. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Lymphedema

Question 3

Which of the following is a function of the spleen's red pulp?

Accepted Answer

Destruction of old erythrocytes and storage of platelets

Question 4

Which cytokine is primarily responsible for stimulating the proliferation of T cells after antigen recognition?

Accepted Answer

IL-2

Question 5

A person receives a vaccine and later develops immunity to the disease. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Active artificially acquired immunity

Question 6

Which antibody class is most abundant in saliva and plays a key role in mucosal immunity?

Accepted Answer

IgA

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the Bohr effect?

Accepted Answer

Increased CO$$_2$$ and decreased pH reduce hemoglobin's affinity for O$$_2$$, facilitating oxygen unloading in tissues.

Question 8

A patient with severe pneumonia has thickened respiratory membranes. According to Fick’s Law, how does this affect gas exchange?

Accepted Answer

It decreases the rate of diffusion of gases.

Question 9

Which of the following equations represents the formation of bicarbonate from carbon dioxide in red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO_2$ + H_2O \rightarrow H_2CO_3 \rightarrow H^+ + $$HCO_3$$^-}$$

Question 10

Which of the following is the most important chemical stimulus for increasing respiratory rate under normal conditions?

Accepted Answer

Increased PCO$$_2$$

Question 11

Which cells are the first to respond to a bacterial infection and are most numerous in the early stages of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of surfactant in the alveoli?

Accepted Answer

It decreases alveolar surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse during exhalation.

Question 13

A patient with a genetic defect in MHC class II proteins would have impaired activation of which immune cells?

Accepted Answer

Helper T cells (CD4+)

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why a person with a collapsed lung (pneumothorax) cannot breathe normally?

Accepted Answer

The intrapleural pressure equals atmospheric pressure, preventing lung expansion.

Question 15

Which of the following is a characteristic of adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

It has memory and can mount a stronger response upon re-exposure.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the bronchioles?

Accepted Answer

Bronchodilation

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the flow of lymph through a lymph node?

Accepted Answer

Afferent lymphatic vessel → subcapsular sinus → medullary sinus → efferent lymphatic vessel

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the chloride shift in red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Chloride ions move into red blood cells as bicarbonate ions move out to maintain electrical neutrality.

Question 19

A patient with severe allergies experiences anaphylaxis. What is the immediate treatment and why?

Accepted Answer

Administer epinephrine to counteract widespread vasodilation and bronchoconstriction.

Question 20

According to Boyle’s Law, what happens to the pressure in the lungs when the volume of the thoracic cavity increases during inspiration?

Accepted Answer

Pressure decreases, causing air to flow in.

A&P II Exam 2 Study Guide: Lymphatic, Immune, and Respiratory Systems

Study Guide - Practice Questions