Question 1

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex and is primarily responsible for regulating sodium and potassium balance in the body?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the difference between autocrine and paracrine signaling?

Accepted Answer

Autocrine signals affect the same cell that secretes them, while paracrine signals affect nearby cells.

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a steroid-based hormone?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 4

Eicosanoids are derived from which fatty acid and play what role in the body?

Accepted Answer

Arachidonic acid; they act as local signaling molecules involved in inflammation.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for water-soluble hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to cell surface receptors and activate second messenger systems such as cAMP.

Question 6

What is the primary function of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

Accepted Answer

To transport releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.

Question 7

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of antagonism in hormone interactions?

Accepted Answer

Insulin lowers blood glucose while glucagon raises it.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a formed element of blood?

Accepted Answer

Plasma

Question 9

Which leukocyte is most abundant in normal blood and is primarily responsible for phagocytosis of bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil

Question 10

A patient with type A blood receives type B blood. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

Agglutination and hemolysis of the transfused red blood cells.

Question 11

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and regulates circadian rhythms?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 12

Which pathway best describes the cAMP second messenger system?

Accepted Answer

Hormone binds receptor → G protein activated → Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP → cAMP activates protein kinase

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct sequence for erythropoiesis (red blood cell formation)?

Accepted Answer

Hemocytoblast → Proerythroblast → Erythroblast → Reticulocyte → Erythrocyte

Question 14

A newborn develops hemolytic disease due to Rh incompatibility. Which scenario is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

An Rh-negative mother with an Rh-positive fetus

Question 15

Which hormone is secreted by the pancreas and lowers blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the direct gene activation mechanism of steroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormone diffuses into the cell, binds to an intracellular receptor, and the complex binds DNA to regulate gene transcription.

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of erythrocytes?

Accepted Answer

Transporting oxygen from the lungs to tissues

Question 18

Which hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland and helps regulate metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Thyroxine (T4)

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

It produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that control the anterior pituitary.

A&PII Exam #1 Study Guide – Endocrine System & Hematology

Study Guide - Practice Questions