Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between the glomerulus and other capillary beds in the body, and why is this difference important?

Accepted Answer

The glomerulus is supplied by two arterioles (afferent and efferent), which allows for higher pressure and efficient filtration.

Question 2

Which of the following substances is NOT normally found in the filtrate produced by the glomerulus?

Accepted Answer

Plasma proteins

Question 3

Glomerular filtration is best described as which type of process?

Accepted Answer

Passive process driven by hydrostatic pressure

Question 4

Which part of the nephron is responsible for the majority of tubular reabsorption?

Accepted Answer

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

Question 5

In a patient with diabetes mellitus, why is glucose found in the urine?

Accepted Answer

The transport maximum for glucose reabsorption is exceeded.

Question 6

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 7

The countercurrent multiplier mechanism in the nephron loop primarily functions to:

Accepted Answer

Establish the medullary osmotic gradient

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the effect of increased extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolality on ADH release?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates ADH release, increasing water reabsorption

Question 9

A patient presents with the following blood values: $$pH = 7.32$$, $$P_{CO_2$} = 60 mm Hg$$, $$HCO_3^- = 29$ mEq/L. Based on the chart provided, what is the most accurate conclusion?

Accepted Answer

This is respiratory acidosis being compensated by renal mechanisms.

Question 10

Refer to the equation below. How would an increase in plasma $$CO_2$$ concentration affect the direction of the reaction?

$$CO_2 + H_2O$$ \xleftrightarrow{	ext{carbonic anhydrase}} H_2CO_3 \xleftrightarrow{} H^+ + $$HCO_3$$^-$$

Accepted Answer

The equation shifts to the right, increasing $$H^+$$ and $$HCO_3$$^-$$.

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct physiological response to metabolic acidosis?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory rate increases to eliminate $$CO_2$$

Question 12

Which of the following is true regarding the regulation of potassium balance?

Accepted Answer

The distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts secrete variable amounts of $$K^+.$$

Question 13

Which hormone is most important in regulating blood calcium ($$Ca^{2+}) $$levels, and what is one of its effects?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); increases $$Ca^{2+}$$ reabsorption in the kidneys

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct description of respiratory acidosis?

Accepted Answer

Characterized by falling blood pH and rising $$P_{CO_2$}$$

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct description of metabolic alkalosis?

Accepted Answer

Characterized by rising blood pH and $$HCO_3$$^-$$ levels

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the effect of hyperventilation on blood pH?

Accepted Answer

Net elimination of $$CO_2$$ would lead to alkalosis.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct effect of high levels of estrogens produced by the mature vesicular follicle just before ovulation?

Accepted Answer

High levels of estrogens exert positive feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary; this feedback stimulates gonadotropin release.

Question 18

Which hormone, produced by the embryo, prompts the corpus luteum to continue secreting progesterone and estrogens during early pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

hCG

Acid-Base Balance and Buffering in Human Physiology

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