Q: Which of the following is a correct description of the chemical reaction for aerobic cellular respiration?

$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 6\ \mathrm{O_2$} \rightarrow 6\ \mathrm{CO_2$} + 6\ \mathrm{H_2O} + \text{energy (ATP)}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between endergonic and exergonic reactions in terms of free energy?

Accepted Answer

Endergonic reactions require an input of free energy (ΔG \u003e 0), while exergonic reactions release free energy (ΔG \u003c 0).

Question 2

A patient is experiencing muscle fatigue due to anaerobic metabolism. How much ATP is produced per glucose molecule during anaerobic metabolism, and what is a major disadvantage of this pathway?

Accepted Answer

$$2$$ ATP; it produces lactic acid, which can lead to acidosis.

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why only some cells respond to a particular signal molecule?

Accepted Answer

Only cells with the appropriate receptor for the signal molecule can respond.

Question 4

Which of the following is a correct description of the chemical reaction for aerobic cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 6\ \mathrm{O_2$} ightarrow 6\ \mathrm{CO_2$} + 6\ \mathrm{H_2O} + 	ext{energy (ATP)}$$

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the role of NAD and FAD in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

They are cofactors that transfer electrons during redox reactions.

Question 6

A red blood cell is placed in a solution and swells until it bursts. Which of the following best describes the solution and the movement of water?

Accepted Answer

The solution is hypotonic; water moves into the cell.

Question 7

Which of the following best distinguishes between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion requires a membrane protein, while simple diffusion does not.

Question 8

Which of the following is a property of a nonpenetrating solute, and how does it affect water movement across a cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

It cannot cross the membrane, so water moves to balance its concentration, affecting cell volume.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the difference between primary and secondary active transport?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport uses ATP directly, while secondary active transport uses the energy stored in an ion gradient.

Question 10

During the resting membrane potential (RMP), what are the relative concentrations of Na$$^+$$ and K$$^+$$ inside and outside the cell?

Accepted Answer

Na$$^+ is $$higher outside, K$$^+ is $$higher inside.

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events for protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Transcription in the nucleus, translation in the cytoplasm.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of coenzymes in metabolic reactions?

Accepted Answer

They are organic molecules that transfer chemical groups between enzymes.

Question 13

A cell is exposed to a lipophilic signal molecule. Where is the most likely location of the receptor for this molecule?

Accepted Answer

Inside the cytoplasm or nucleus.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of diffusion?

Accepted Answer

It requires ATP.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Cells use specific receptors to internalize particular molecules from the extracellular fluid.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct statement about the second law of thermodynamics as it relates to human physiology?

Accepted Answer

Energy transformations increase the entropy (disorder) of the universe, so cells must constantly use energy to maintain order.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation.

Question 18

Which of the following is a feature of a signal transduction pathway?

Accepted Answer

It converts an extracellular signal into an intracellular response.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between channel and carrier transport proteins?

Accepted Answer

Channel proteins form open pores for specific molecules, while carrier proteins bind and transport molecules across the membrane.

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of secondary active transport in the human body?

Accepted Answer

The sodium-glucose cotransporter uses the Na$$^+$$ gradient established by the Na$$^+/K$^+$$ ATPase to move glucose into the cell.

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