Skip to main content
Back

ANATOMY 35 Exam IV Review – Step-by-Step Study Guidance

NotesPracticeVideo lessons

Study Guide - Smart Notes

Tailored notes based on your materials, expanded with key definitions, examples, and context.

Q1. Give meanings for the following word parts. (List & define a term that uses each of these word parts.)

Background

Topic: Medical Terminology – Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes

This question tests your knowledge of common anatomical and physiological word parts, which are essential for understanding medical and scientific terminology. You are asked to define each word part and provide an example term that uses it.

Key Terms and Approach:

  • Word root: The main part of a word that contains its primary meaning (e.g., 'cardio-' means heart).

  • Prefix: Added to the beginning of a word to modify its meaning (e.g., 'hypo-' means below or under).

  • Suffix: Added to the end of a word to modify its meaning (e.g., '-blast' means immature cell or precursor).

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. For each word part, recall its meaning. For example, 'arthro-' refers to joints.

  2. Think of a term from anatomy or physiology that uses the word part (e.g., 'arthritis' for 'arthro-').

  3. Write the definition and the example term for each word part.

  4. Repeat this process for all the word parts listed.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q2. Diagram and clearly label the five components of a reflex arc, including spinal cord structures.

Background

Topic: Nervous System – Reflex Arcs

This question assesses your understanding of the basic neural pathway involved in a reflex, as well as your ability to identify key anatomical structures of the spinal cord.

Key Terms and Concepts:

  • Reflex arc: The neural pathway that mediates a reflex action.

  • Components: receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector.

  • Spinal cord structures: grey matter, white matter, posterior root, posterior root ganglion, anterior root.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Draw a simple diagram of the spinal cord in cross-section, showing grey and white matter.

  2. Label the posterior root, posterior root ganglion, and anterior root on your diagram.

  3. Indicate the pathway of a sensory neuron entering through the posterior root and synapsing in the grey matter (integration center).

  4. Show the motor neuron exiting via the anterior root to the effector.

  5. Label each component of the reflex arc as it appears in your diagram.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q3. List and describe six differences (structure and/or function) between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. Specify which system you are talking about.

Background

Topic: Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) – Parasympathetic vs. Sympathetic Divisions

This question tests your ability to compare and contrast the two divisions of the ANS in terms of their structure, function, and physiological effects.

Key Terms and Concepts:

  • Parasympathetic division: "Rest and digest" system.

  • Sympathetic division: "Fight or flight" system.

  • Preganglionic and postganglionic neurons, neurotransmitters, anatomical origins, effects on organs.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. List structural differences (e.g., location of ganglia, length of pre- and postganglionic fibers).

  2. List functional differences (e.g., effects on heart rate, digestion, pupil size).

  3. Specify which division each difference applies to.

  4. Describe neurotransmitters released by each division.

  5. Include differences in anatomical origin (craniosacral vs. thoracolumbar).

  6. Summarize the overall effect of each division on the body.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q4. Choose the correct answer to the following questions about nervous system structures.

Background

Topic: Nervous System Organization – CNS and PNS Structures

This set of questions tests your knowledge of the terminology used to describe collections of cell bodies and axons in the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as the distinction between grey and white matter.

Key Terms:

  • Nucleus: Collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS.

  • Ganglion: Collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS.

  • Tract: Bundle of axons in the CNS.

  • Nerve: Bundle of axons in the PNS.

  • Grey matter: Areas with cell bodies and unmyelinated axons.

  • White matter: Areas with myelinated axons.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Read each description and recall the correct anatomical term for that structure.

  2. Match each description to the appropriate term from the list provided.

  3. Review the definitions of grey matter and white matter to distinguish between them.

  4. Double-check your answers by recalling examples from lecture or textbook diagrams.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q5. Choose the correct answer to the following questions about neuroglia and their functions.

Background

Topic: Neuroglia (Glial Cells) – Structure and Function

This question tests your understanding of the different types of neuroglia in the CNS and PNS, and their specific roles in supporting neurons.

Key Terms:

  • Astrocytes: Maintain blood-brain barrier, regulate environment.

  • Ependymal cells: Produce cerebrospinal fluid.

  • Microglia: Phagocytose debris and pathogens.

  • Oligodendrocytes: Myelinate CNS axons.

  • Schwann cells: Myelinate PNS axons.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Read each function and recall which neuroglial cell performs it.

  2. Match each function to the correct cell type from the choices provided.

  3. Remember that some functions may be performed by more than one cell type, or a choice may be used more than once.

  4. Review the main roles of each glial cell to confirm your selections.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q6. Which of the following eye structures contributes to refraction (bending light)?

Background

Topic: Special Senses – Eye Anatomy and Physiology

This question tests your understanding of the structures in the eye responsible for bending (refracting) light to focus images on the retina.

Key Terms:

  • Refraction: The bending of light as it passes through different media.

  • Lens: Transparent structure that changes shape to focus light.

  • Cornea: Also contributes to refraction (not listed here, but important to know).

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Review the function of each structure listed (extrinsic eye muscles, lens, iris, fovea centralis, choroid).

  2. Identify which structure(s) are transparent and involved in focusing light.

  3. Recall which structures are involved in controlling the amount of light entering the eye versus bending the light.

  4. Choose the correct answer and, for each incorrect choice, reword the question to fit that structure's function.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q7. The structure which divides the outer ear from the middle ear and vibrates in synchrony with sound waves is the:

Background

Topic: Special Senses – Ear Anatomy

This question tests your knowledge of the anatomy of the ear, specifically the structure that separates the outer and middle ear and its role in hearing.

Key Terms:

  • Tympanic membrane: Also known as the eardrum.

  • Outer ear, middle ear, inner ear: Main divisions of the ear.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Review the anatomy of the ear and the location of each structure listed.

  2. Recall which structure vibrates in response to sound waves and separates the outer from the middle ear.

  3. For each incorrect choice, reword the question to fit that structure's function.

  4. Choose the correct answer based on your review.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q8–Q46. Multiple Choice Questions (Nervous, Sensory, and Endocrine Systems)

Background

Topic: Nervous System, Sensory Organs, and Endocrine System

These questions cover a wide range of topics, including neuron structure and function, organization of the nervous system, sensory pathways, and endocrine regulation. They test your ability to recall facts, apply concepts, and distinguish between similar terms.

Key Approach:

  • Read each question carefully and identify the main concept being tested.

  • Recall relevant definitions, structures, or physiological processes.

  • Eliminate clearly incorrect choices to narrow down your options.

  • For questions involving sequences or anatomical order, visualize or sketch the relevant structures.

  • For functional questions, recall the main roles of each structure or system.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. For each question, underline or highlight key terms (e.g., 'PNS', 'autonomic', 'myelination').

  2. Recall the definition or function of each term or structure mentioned in the choices.

  3. Use process of elimination to rule out choices that do not fit the question stem.

  4. For questions about sequences (e.g., cranial meninges), write out the order from superficial to deep or vice versa.

  5. For questions about effects or functions, recall the main physiological role of each system or structure.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Pearson Logo

Study Prep