Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between positive and negative feedback mechanisms in homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback reduces deviation from a set point, while positive feedback increases deviation until a specific event occurs.

Question 2

Which of the following is most abundant in the intracellular fluid compartment?

Accepted Answer

K$$^+ ($$Potassium ion)

Question 3

A patient is experiencing metabolic acidosis. Which buffer system is primarily responsible for maintaining blood pH?

Accepted Answer

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system: $$\mathrm{CO_2$ + H_2O \leftrightarrow H_2CO_3 \leftrightarrow $$HCO_3$$^- + H^+}$$

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the role of hydrogen bonds in water?

Accepted Answer

They are responsible for water's high surface tension and ability to moderate temperature.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the function of the sodium-potassium pump ($$\mathrm{Na^+/K^+}$$ ATPase) in cells?

Accepted Answer

It moves 3 $$\mathrm{Na^+}$$ ions out and 2 $$\mathrm{K^+}$$ ions in, using ATP.

Question 6

Which of the following is a characteristic of facilitated diffusion across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

It requires a membrane protein but does not require energy.

Question 7

Which of the following cell junctions allows ions and small molecules to pass directly from one cell to another, facilitating rapid communication?

Accepted Answer

Gap junctions

Question 8

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

It will swell and may burst due to water influx.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the function of melanocytes in the skin?

Accepted Answer

They produce melanin, which protects against UV radiation.

Question 10

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the synthesis and activation of vitamin D in the body?

Accepted Answer

Skin → Liver → Kidney → Small intestine

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the main function of keratinocytes in the epidermis?

Accepted Answer

They form a physical barrier against pathogens and water loss.

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of the acid mantle on the skin?

Accepted Answer

It inhibits the growth of pathogens by maintaining a slightly acidic pH.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of mast cells in the dermis?

Accepted Answer

They initiate the inflammatory response by releasing histamine.

Question 14

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of third-degree burns?

Accepted Answer

They destroy the epidermis, dermis, and often underlying tissue, resulting in numbness.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of desmosomes in epithelial tissue?

Accepted Answer

They anchor adjacent cells together, providing mechanical strength.

Question 16

Which of the following is true regarding the phases of the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

G2 phase is when the cell prepares for mitosis after DNA replication.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes apoptosis?

Accepted Answer

It is programmed cell death that is a normal part of development and tissue maintenance.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of the protein defensin found in the epidermis?

Accepted Answer

It acts as an antimicrobial peptide to protect against pathogens.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of fibroblasts in the dermis?

Accepted Answer

They produce collagen and elastin fibers for structural support.

Question 20

A patient with a genetic defect in gap junctions would most likely experience problems in which physiological process?

Accepted Answer

Transmission of electrical signals in cardiac muscle

Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Study Guide: Foundations, Chemistry, Cells, and Integument

Study Guide - Practice Questions