Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the stratum corneum in the epidermis?

Accepted Answer

It provides a waterproof barrier and protects underlying tissues from infection and dehydration.

Question 2

A patient presents with a burn that is red, painful, and blisters are forming. Which degree of burn is most likely, and why is this type of burn more serious than a first-degree burn?

Accepted Answer

Second-degree burn; because it damages both the epidermis and part of the dermis, increasing risk of fluid loss and infection.

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why serious burns can be life-threatening?

Accepted Answer

They disrupt the skin's barrier, leading to fluid loss and increased risk of infection.

Question 4

Which cell type is responsible for producing the pigment melanin, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Melanocyte; protects against ultraviolet (UV) radiation by absorbing UV rays.

Question 5

A patient with osteoporosis suffers a femoral fracture. Which bone tissue is most affected, and what is the primary function of this tissue?

Accepted Answer

Spongy bone; provides structural support and houses red bone marrow for hematopoiesis.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the sliding filament model of muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Actin filaments slide past myosin filaments, shortening the sarcomere and causing muscle contraction.

Question 7

A patient is diagnosed with osteoarthritis, which primarily affects which type of joint, and what is the main pathological change?

Accepted Answer

Synovial joint; degeneration of articular cartilage.

Question 8

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between force, cross-sectional area, and muscle tension?

Accepted Answer

$$F = T 	imes A$$

Question 9

During endochondral ossification, which sequence correctly describes the development of a long bone?

Accepted Answer

Formation of periosteal bone collar, invasion of blood vessels, formation of primary ossification center, formation of secondary ossification centers.

Question 10

A patient has a fracture at the epiphyseal plate of the femur. What is the most significant long-term risk associated with this injury in a growing child?

Accepted Answer

Impaired longitudinal bone growth due to disruption of the growth plate.

Question 11

Which of the following best explains the difference between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands?

Accepted Answer

Eccrine glands are involved in thermoregulation and are widely distributed, while apocrine glands are found in specific areas and become active at puberty.

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of the hypodermis?

Accepted Answer

Anchors the skin to underlying tissues and stores energy as fat.

Question 13

A patient is unable to extend their knee after a traumatic injury. Which joint and movement are most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Knee joint; extension.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of the neuromuscular junction in muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

It transmits the action potential from the motor neuron to the muscle fiber, initiating contraction.

Question 15

Which of the following is true regarding the differences between skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle?

Accepted Answer

Skeletal muscle is voluntary and striated, cardiac muscle is involuntary and striated, and smooth muscle is involuntary and non-striated.

Question 16

A patient with a genetic disorder has defective collagen in their cartilage. Which property of cartilage is most likely to be affected?

Accepted Answer

Ability to resist tensile (stretching) forces.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of synovial fluid in a joint?

Accepted Answer

It provides nutrients to the articular cartilage and reduces friction between joint surfaces.

Question 18

A patient is diagnosed with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a disorder affecting the structural proteins of skeletal muscle fibers. Which of the following is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

The stability and integrity of the muscle fiber during contraction.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why bone fractures in the elderly often heal more slowly than in younger individuals?

Accepted Answer

Elderly individuals have reduced osteoblast activity and decreased blood supply to bone tissue.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the microscopic anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber?

Accepted Answer

It is multinucleated, striated, and contains myofibrils composed of repeating sarcomeres.

Anatomy & Physiology Exam Study Guide: Skin, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems

Study Guide - Practice Questions

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