ANP College Course Study Guide: Cardiovascular and Respiratory System

Q1. Define: anastomoses, bradycardia, tachycardia, angina pectoris, cardiac tamponade, pericarditis, ductus arteriosus, ligamentum arteriosum, auricles, pectinate muscles, fossa ovalis, foramen ovale, trabeculae carneae, valvular prolapse, myocardial infarction, chronotropic (positive & negative), inotropic (positive & negative), congestive heart failure, cardiac reserve, baroreceptors, chordae tendineae, papillary muscles

Background

Topic: Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology

This question tests your knowledge of key terms related to the structure and function of the heart and its associated vessels, as well as clinical conditions and physiological concepts.

Key Terms and Concepts:

• Many of these terms refer to anatomical features (e.g., auricles, pectinate muscles), physiological processes (e.g., chronotropic, inotropic), or pathological conditions (e.g., angina pectoris, myocardial infarction).

• Understanding these definitions is foundational for mastering cardiovascular physiology and pathology.

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. Start by grouping the terms into categories: anatomical structures, physiological concepts, and clinical conditions.

2. For each term, identify whether it relates to heart anatomy, function, or disease.

3. Use your textbook or lecture notes to find concise definitions for each term. Focus on the main function or significance of each.

4. Write out each definition in your own words to reinforce understanding.

Try defining these terms on your own before checking the answers!

Q2. Understand pulmonary and systemic circuits in relationship to the heart

Background

Topic: Circulatory Pathways

This question tests your understanding of how blood flows through the heart and the differences between the pulmonary and systemic circuits.

Key Terms:

• Pulmonary circuit: pathway from the heart to the lungs and back.

• Systemic circuit: pathway from the heart to the rest of the body and back.

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. Identify which side of the heart pumps blood to the pulmonary circuit and which to the systemic circuit.

2. Describe the sequence of blood flow through the heart chambers, valves, and vessels for each circuit.

3. Compare the oxygenation status of blood in each circuit.

4. Explain the functional significance of separating these circuits.

Try outlining the circuits before checking the answer!

Q16. Know their definitions and be able to mathematically work with these: CO, HR, SV, EDV, ESV, ejection fraction

Background

Topic: Cardiac Output and Related Variables

This question tests your ability to define and calculate key cardiac parameters.

Key Formulas:

• Cardiac Output (CO): $CO = HR \times SV$

• Stroke Volume (SV): $SV = EDV - ESV$

• Ejection Fraction: $\text{Ejection Fraction} = \frac{SV}{EDV} \times 100\%$

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. Define each term: CO (cardiac output), HR (heart rate), SV (stroke volume), EDV (end-diastolic volume), ESV (end-systolic volume), ejection fraction.

2. Write out the formulas for each calculation.

3. Identify the values you would need to solve for each parameter.

4. Set up the equations using sample values (but do not solve for the final answer yet).

Try setting up the calculations before checking the answer!

Q42. Be able to mathematically work with alveolar ventilation rate (know formula)

Background

Topic: Respiratory Physiology

This question tests your ability to calculate alveolar ventilation rate, which is important for understanding gas exchange efficiency.

Key Formula:

• Alveolar Ventilation Rate (AVR): $AVR = (TV - dead space) \times RR$

• Where:

  • TV = tidal volume

  • dead space = volume of air not participating in gas exchange

  • RR = respiratory rate

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. Identify the values for tidal volume, dead space, and respiratory rate.

2. Subtract dead space from tidal volume to find the effective volume per breath.

3. Multiply the effective volume by respiratory rate to set up the calculation for AVR.

Try setting up the formula with sample values before checking the answer!