Q: Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), and heart rate (HR)?

CO is calculated as $$CO = SV \times HR$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of erythropoietin in erythropoiesis?

Accepted Answer

It stimulates the red bone marrow to increase the production of red blood cells in response to hypoxia.

Question 2

A patient with type AB- blood can safely receive which of the following blood types in a transfusion?

Accepted Answer

Type AB- only

Question 3

During the cardiac cycle, what event is occurring during isovolumetric contraction?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular pressure rises, all heart valves are closed, and no blood is ejected.

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why veins have valves but arteries do not?

Accepted Answer

Veins operate under low pressure and need valves to prevent backflow of blood toward the tissues.

Question 5

Which of the following is a function of the spleen that distinguishes it from lymph nodes?

Accepted Answer

It destroys old red blood cells and stores platelets.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the difference between continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoid capillaries?

Accepted Answer

Continuous capillaries have tight junctions; fenestrated capillaries have pores for filtration; sinusoids have large gaps for cells and proteins to pass.

Question 7

Refer to the first image. What is the primary ion responsible for the depolarization phase (labeled 2) of the pacemaker action potential in autorhythmic cardiac cells?

Accepted Answer

Calcium (Ca\^{2+})

Question 8

Refer to the second image. What is the significance of the plateau phase (labeled 2) in the cardiac contractile cell action potential?

Accepted Answer

It prevents tetanus by prolonging the absolute refractory period.

Question 9

Which hormone would most likely be elevated in response to a significant drop in blood pressure, and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); increases water reabsorption in the kidneys

Question 10

A newborn develops hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). Which scenario is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Mother is Rh- and fetus is Rh+

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of interferons in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

They stimulate neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins.

Question 12

Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), and heart rate (HR)?

Accepted Answer

CO is calculated as $$CO = SV 	imes HR$$

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why blood flow to the lungs is regulated differently than to other tissues?

Accepted Answer

Low oxygen in the lungs causes vasoconstriction to direct blood to better-ventilated areas.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct statement about the adaptive immune response?

Accepted Answer

B cells produce antibodies that target extracellular pathogens.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of the AV node delay in the heart's conduction system?

Accepted Answer

It allows the atria to contract and complete ventricular filling before the ventricles contract.

Question 16

Which of the following is a primary function of the thymus?

Accepted Answer

It is the site of T cell maturation.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the process of fibrinolysis?

Accepted Answer

It is the process of breaking down a blood clot by plasmin.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a lymphatic structure and its function?

Accepted Answer

Tonsils: trap and remove pathogens entering the pharynx

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why lymph nodes have fewer efferent vessels than afferent vessels?

Accepted Answer

To slow the flow of lymph and allow time for immune cells to act

ANP College Exam Review: Blood, Heart, Vessels, Lymph, and Immunity

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