Q: A hormone binds to a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) on the cell membrane, activating adenylate cyclase and increasing cAMP levels. Which equation best represents the amplification of the signal?

$$\text{Hormone} + \text{GPCR} \rightarrow \text{Adenylate cyclase} \rightarrow \text{cAMP} \rightarrow \text{Protein kinase} \rightarrow \text{Cellular response}$$

Q: Which of the following best describes the pathway for steroid hormone action?

$$\text{Steroid hormone} \rightarrow \text{Receptor protein} \rightarrow \text{Receptor-hormone complex} \rightarrow \text{DNA region} \rightarrow \text{Cellular response}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which the endocrine system communicates with target cells?

Accepted Answer

Chemical messengers released into the bloodstream

Question 2

A hormone binds to a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) on the cell membrane, activating adenylate cyclase and increasing cAMP levels. Which equation best represents the amplification of the signal?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Hormone} + 	ext{GPCR} ightarrow 	ext{Adenylate cyclase} ightarrow 	ext{cAMP} ightarrow 	ext{Protein kinase} ightarrow 	ext{Cellular response}$$

Question 3

Which statement correctly identifies a major difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

The endocrine system uses hormones that act over long distances and durations.

Question 4

Insulin binds to a receptor on the cell membrane and triggers a cellular response. Based on its mechanism, which type of hormone is insulin?

Accepted Answer

Amino acid-based hormone because it is water-soluble and binds to membrane receptors

Question 5

Why do steroid hormones require transport proteins in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Transport proteins make steroid hormones temporarily water-soluble

Question 6

Which hormone is NOT released by the anterior pituitary gland?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin

Question 7

A patient has low levels of thyroid hormone (T3/T4), low levels of cortisol, and low levels of growth hormone. Which structure is most likely malfunctioning?

Accepted Answer

Anterior pituitary gland

Question 8

Which hormone is derived from tryptophan and helps regulate circadian rhythms?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the function of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?

Accepted Answer

It carries tropic hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.

Question 10

Which of the following hormones is NOT produced by the gonads?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin

Question 11

Which statement best explains why second messenger systems can amplify the effects of hormones at low concentrations?

Accepted Answer

Second messenger systems amplify the original hormone signal, allowing it to work at low concentrations.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct match between hormone and its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Estrogen: growth and development

Question 13

Which statement correctly identifies the difference between the endocrine system and other body systems?

Accepted Answer

Organs of other systems are typically connected or in close proximity, while the endocrine system is distributed throughout the body.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the pathway for steroid hormone action?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Steroid hormone} ightarrow 	ext{Receptor protein} ightarrow 	ext{Receptor-hormone complex} ightarrow 	ext{DNA region} ightarrow 	ext{Cellular response}$$

Question 15

Which hormone is released by the posterior pituitary and acts on the kidneys to regulate water balance?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct statement about the amplification in the cAMP secondary messenger system?

Accepted Answer

A single GPCR can activate multiple adenylate cyclase enzymes, leading to many cAMP molecules.

Question 17

Which hormone is released in response to stress and increases blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of tropic hormones?

Accepted Answer

Tropic hormones stimulate other endocrine glands to release their hormones.

Question 19

Which statement best describes the difference between cAMP, IP$$_3$$, and DAG as secondary messengers?

Accepted Answer

Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP while phospholipase C produces IP$$_3$$ and DAG.

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