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ANP Physiology Final Exam Study Guide – Step-by-Step Guidance

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Q1. List the order of structures in which filtrate travels through the nephron (Fig 19.2).

Background

Topic: Renal Physiology – Nephron Anatomy

This question tests your understanding of the anatomical pathway that filtrate follows as it is processed in the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney.

Key Terms:

  • Filtrate: Fluid filtered from blood that will become urine.

  • Nephron: The basic structural and functional unit of the kidney.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Start by identifying the initial site where filtration occurs in the nephron.

  2. Recall the sequence of tubule segments that the filtrate passes through after leaving the initial site.

  3. Think about the order: from the capsule, through the tubules, loop, and collecting structures.

  4. Review Fig 19.2 in your textbook to confirm the exact order and names of each structure.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q2. List the order of vascular structures through the nephron (Fig 19.2).

Background

Topic: Renal Physiology – Nephron Blood Supply

This question tests your knowledge of the blood vessels associated with the nephron and the order in which blood flows through them.

Key Terms:

  • Vascular structures: Blood vessels supplying and draining the nephron.

  • Glomerulus, afferent/efferent arterioles, peritubular capillaries, vasa recta.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Identify the vessel that brings blood into the nephron.

  2. Recall the site of filtration and the vessel that leaves this site.

  3. Think about the capillary networks that surround the nephron tubules.

  4. Check Fig 19.2 for the exact sequence and names of each vessel.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q3. What determines GFR? (Fig 19.6)

Background

Topic: Renal Physiology – Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

This question tests your understanding of the factors that influence the rate at which blood is filtered in the kidneys.

Key Terms and Formulas:

  • GFR: Glomerular Filtration Rate

  • Filtration pressure: Net force driving filtration

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Identify the main pressures involved in glomerular filtration (hydrostatic, colloid osmotic, and capsule pressure).

  2. Recall how each pressure affects the net filtration pressure.

  3. Consider the filtration coefficient, which depends on surface area and permeability.

  4. Review Fig 19.6 for the specific values and relationships.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q4. Understand filtration pressure (3 types) and their corresponding pressures (Fig 19.6a).

Background

Topic: Renal Physiology – Filtration Pressures

This question tests your ability to identify and explain the three main pressures involved in glomerular filtration.

Key Terms:

  • Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

  • Colloid osmotic pressure

  • Capsular hydrostatic pressure

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. List the three types of pressures involved in filtration.

  2. Describe how each pressure contributes to or opposes filtration.

  3. Recall the typical values for each pressure from Fig 19.6a.

  4. Set up the equation for net filtration pressure using these values.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q5. List the structures in which a piece of food would travel through the body from start to finish.

Background

Topic: Digestive Physiology – GI Tract Anatomy

This question tests your knowledge of the anatomical pathway food follows through the digestive system.

Key Terms:

  • GI tract: Gastrointestinal tract

  • Digestive organs: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, etc.

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Start with the entry point for food into the body.

  2. Recall the sequence of organs food passes through during digestion.

  3. Think about accessory organs and their role in digestion.

  4. Review your textbook or notes for the exact order and names of each structure.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q6. Compare and contrast bacteria and viruses (Table 24.3).

Background

Topic: Immunology – Microbial Classification

This question tests your ability to distinguish between bacteria and viruses based on structure, function, and replication.

Key Terms:

  • Bacteria: Single-celled prokaryotes

  • Viruses: Non-cellular infectious agents

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. List the main structural differences between bacteria and viruses.

  2. Compare their methods of replication and survival.

  3. Consider their response to antibiotics and immune defenses.

  4. Review Table 24.3 for specific comparisons.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q7. Compare/contrast 5 functional categories of epithelia (Fig 3.9a).

Background

Topic: Histology – Epithelial Tissue Functions

This question tests your understanding of the different functional types of epithelial tissue and their roles in the body.

Key Terms:

  • Epithelia: Tissue that lines surfaces and cavities

  • Functional categories: Exchange, transport, ciliated, protective, secretory

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. List each functional category of epithelia.

  2. Describe the main function and location of each type.

  3. Compare similarities and differences between the categories.

  4. Review Fig 3.9a for examples and details.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q8. ATP Production – Where does each step occur within the cell? What and how much is yielded in each step? What main things are utilized (e.g., glucose, pyruvate)? (Fig 4.11-4.15)

Background

Topic: Cellular Metabolism – ATP Production

This question tests your understanding of the steps of cellular respiration, their locations, inputs, and outputs.

Key Terms and Formulas:

  • Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain

  • ATP: Adenosine triphosphate

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Identify the three main steps of cellular respiration.

  2. Recall where each step occurs within the cell (cytoplasm or mitochondria).

  3. List the main substrates and products for each step.

  4. Review Figs 4.11-4.15 for the number of ATP and other molecules produced.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q9. IFC vs EFC (Fig 5.1)

Background

Topic: Cell Physiology – Fluid Compartments

This question tests your understanding of the differences between intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF).

Key Terms:

  • ICF: Intracellular fluid

  • ECF: Extracellular fluid

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Define ICF and ECF.

  2. Compare their locations and main components.

  3. Review Fig 5.1 for proportions and differences.

  4. Think about how substances move between these compartments.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q10. Transport across membranes (Fig 5.5)

Background

Topic: Cell Physiology – Membrane Transport

This question tests your understanding of the mechanisms by which substances cross cell membranes.

Key Terms:

  • Passive transport, active transport, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. List the main types of membrane transport.

  2. Describe the energy requirements and directionality for each type.

  3. Review Fig 5.5 for examples and details.

  4. Think about how concentration gradients affect transport.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q11. Membrane potential graph (Fig 5.24) – Understand terms depol., repol., and hyperpol.

Background

Topic: Neurophysiology – Membrane Potential

This question tests your understanding of changes in membrane potential and the terminology used to describe them.

Key Terms:

  • Depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Define each term and what happens to the membrane potential during each phase.

  2. Review Fig 5.24 for the graphical representation.

  3. Think about the ions involved in each phase.

  4. Consider how these changes relate to action potentials.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q12. Compare/contrast neural vs endocrine reflexes (Table 6.2)

Background

Topic: Physiology – Reflex Pathways

This question tests your understanding of the differences and similarities between neural and endocrine reflexes.

Key Terms:

  • Neural reflex: Fast, electrical signaling

  • Endocrine reflex: Slower, hormonal signaling

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. List the main components of each reflex type.

  2. Compare their speed, specificity, and duration.

  3. Review Table 6.2 for detailed comparisons.

  4. Think about examples of each reflex in the body.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q13. Steps of a Muscle contraction (Fig 12.10)

Background

Topic: Muscle Physiology – Contraction Mechanism

This question tests your understanding of the sequence of events that lead to muscle contraction.

Key Terms:

  • Muscle contraction, actin, myosin, calcium, ATP

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Identify the initial signal that triggers muscle contraction.

  2. Recall the role of calcium and ATP in the contraction process.

  3. List the sequence of molecular events (cross-bridge formation, power stroke, etc.).

  4. Review Fig 12.10 for the big picture and add details as needed.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q14. Action potential of a cardiac contractile cell (Fig 14.11)

Background

Topic: Cardiac Physiology – Action Potentials

This question tests your understanding of the phases and ion movements during a cardiac contractile cell action potential.

Key Terms:

  • Depolarization, plateau phase, repolarization

  • Sodium, calcium, potassium ions

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Identify the phases of the cardiac action potential.

  2. Recall which ions are involved in each phase.

  3. Review Fig 14.11 for the graphical representation and details.

  4. Think about how this differs from neuronal action potentials.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

Q15. Four lung volumes and four lung capacities

Background

Topic: Respiratory Physiology – Lung Volumes and Capacities

This question tests your knowledge of the definitions and relationships between lung volumes and capacities.

Key Terms and Formulas:

  • Tidal volume (TV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), residual volume (RV)

  • Lung capacities: combinations of volumes (e.g., vital capacity, total lung capacity)

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. List the four basic lung volumes and define each.

  2. List the four lung capacities and describe how they are calculated from the volumes.

  3. Review your textbook or notes for typical values and relationships.

  4. Set up equations for each capacity using the volumes.

Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!

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