Question 1

Which of the following correctly lists the order of filtrate flow through the nephron, starting from the glomerular capsule?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular capsule → Proximal convoluted tubule → Loop of Henle → Distal convoluted tubule → Collecting duct

Question 2

Which pressure is primarily responsible for driving glomerular filtration, and what is its typical value?

Accepted Answer

Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure; $$55\ \mathrm{mmHg}$$

Question 3

A patient has a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Which of the following changes would most likely cause this?

Accepted Answer

An increase in Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure

Question 4

Which of the following correctly lists the path of food through the digestive tract from mouth to anus?

Accepted Answer

Mouth → Pharynx → Esophagus → Stomach → Small intestine → Large intestine → Rectum → Anus

Question 5

Which gastric cell type is responsible for secreting hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

Accepted Answer

Parietal cells

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the main difference between bacteria and viruses?

Accepted Answer

Bacteria are living cells that can reproduce independently, while viruses require a host cell to replicate.

Question 7

Which class of antibody is most abundant in the plasma and is responsible for secondary immune responses?

Accepted Answer

IgG

Question 8

Which of the following epithelial types is specialized for absorption and is found lining the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

Simple columnar epithelium

Question 9

During cellular respiration, where does the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) occur, and what is the main substrate entering this cycle?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrial matrix; Acetyl-CoA

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the difference between intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Accepted Answer

ICF is the fluid within cells, while ECF is the fluid outside cells, including plasma and interstitial fluid.

Question 11

A neuron receives a stimulus that causes its membrane potential to change from $$-70\ \mathrm{mV} to$$ $$-55\ \mathrm{mV}. $$What is this process called?

Accepted Answer

Depolarization

Question 12

Which of the following is a key difference between neural and endocrine reflexes?

Accepted Answer

Neural reflexes are typically faster and use electrical signals, while endocrine reflexes are slower and use hormones.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a category of membrane receptor?

Accepted Answer

Enzyme-linked ion channel

Question 14

Which cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting visual information from the retina to the brain?

Accepted Answer

Optic nerve (Cranial Nerve II)

Question 15

Which of the following correctly lists the steps of muscle contraction in the correct order?

Accepted Answer

Action potential → Calcium release → Troponin binds calcium → Tropomyosin moves → Myosin binds actin → Power stroke

Question 16

Which muscle type is striated, involuntary, and contains intercalated discs?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac muscle

Question 17

During the action potential of a cardiac contractile cell, which phase is associated with the plateau and what ion movement is primarily responsible?

Accepted Answer

Phase 2; Calcium influx

Question 18

Which lung volume is defined as the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation?

Accepted Answer

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Question 19

A patient is unable to absorb nutrients efficiently due to damage to the epithelial lining of the small intestine. Which functional category of epithelial tissue is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Absorptive epithelium

Question 20

If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, what will happen to the cell and why?

Accepted Answer

The cell will swell because water moves into the cell by osmosis.

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