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ANP Study Guide: Integumentary and Skeletal System Review

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Q1. What are the components of the Integumentary System?

Background

Topic: Integumentary System Overview

This question tests your understanding of the basic parts that make up the integumentary system, which is essential for protection and homeostasis.

Key Terms:

  • Skin (epidermis and dermis)

  • Hair

  • Nails

  • Glands (sweat and sebaceous)

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Start by recalling the main organ of the integumentary system: the skin.

  2. Think about accessory structures attached to the skin, such as hair and nails.

  3. Consider the types of glands present in the skin and their functions.

  4. Review your textbook or notes for a complete list of components.

Try listing all components before checking the answer!

Final Answer:

The integumentary system includes the skin (epidermis and dermis), hair, nails, and glands (sweat and sebaceous glands).

These components work together to protect the body, regulate temperature, and provide sensory information.

Q2. Briefly describe the types of cells present in the Epidermis.

Background

Topic: Epidermal Cell Types

This question tests your knowledge of the cellular composition of the epidermis and their functions.

Key Terms:

  • Keratinoctyes

  • Melanocytes

  • Dendritic (Langerhans) cells

  • Tactile (Merkel) cells

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Recall the most abundant cell type in the epidermis and its main function.

  2. Think about cells responsible for pigment production.

  3. Identify cells involved in immune defense.

  4. Consider cells that are important for sensory reception.

Try to name and describe each cell type before checking the answer!

Final Answer:

The epidermis contains keratinocytes (produce keratin), melanocytes (produce melanin), dendritic cells (immune defense), and tactile cells (sensory touch).

Each cell type has a specific role in skin protection, pigmentation, immunity, and sensation.

Q3. What is the function of the Stratum Basale, Stratum Granulosum, and Stratum Corneum?

Background

Topic: Epidermal Layers and Their Functions

This question tests your understanding of the roles of specific layers in the epidermis.

Key Terms:

  • Stratum Basale: Deepest layer

  • Stratum Granulosum: Middle layer

  • Stratum Corneum: Outermost layer

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Recall the location of each layer within the epidermis.

  2. Think about the main function of the Stratum Basale (cell division and regeneration).

  3. Consider the role of the Stratum Granulosum (keratinization and waterproofing).

  4. Reflect on the function of the Stratum Corneum (protection and barrier).

Try to match each layer with its function before checking the answer!

Final Answer:

Stratum Basale: cell division and regeneration; Stratum Granulosum: keratinization; Stratum Corneum: protection and barrier.

Each layer contributes to the overall function and health of the skin.

Q4. Describe the structure of the Dermis. What kind of tissue is present in the Papillary layer and/or Reticular Layer?

Background

Topic: Dermis Structure and Tissue Types

This question tests your knowledge of the two main layers of the dermis and their tissue composition.

Key Terms:

  • Papillary layer: superficial, loose connective tissue

  • Reticular layer: deeper, dense irregular connective tissue

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Recall the two layers of the dermis and their relative positions.

  2. Identify the type of connective tissue in the papillary layer.

  3. Identify the type of connective tissue in the reticular layer.

  4. Think about the functions these tissues provide (support, flexibility, strength).

Try to describe the tissue types before checking the answer!

Final Answer:

Papillary layer: loose areolar connective tissue; Reticular layer: dense irregular connective tissue.

These tissues provide support, flexibility, and strength to the skin.

Q5. What are friction ridges? Describe briefly the pigments responsible for skin colors.

Background

Topic: Skin Features and Pigmentation

This question tests your understanding of unique skin features and the biological basis of skin color.

Key Terms:

  • Friction ridges: fingerprints

  • Pigments: melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Recall what friction ridges are and their function.

  2. List the main pigments that contribute to skin color.

  3. Briefly describe the origin and effect of each pigment.

  4. Think about how these pigments interact to produce different skin tones.

Try to describe friction ridges and pigments before checking the answer!

Final Answer:

Friction ridges are fingerprints; skin color is determined by melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin.

Melanin provides brown/black color, carotene gives yellow/orange, and hemoglobin adds red tones.

Q6. Describe all the differences between Eccrine Sweat Glands, Apocrine Sweat Glands, and Sebaceous Glands: location, activity, structure, and composition of secretion.

Background

Topic: Skin Glands and Their Functions

This question tests your ability to compare and contrast the major skin glands.

Key Terms:

  • Eccrine sweat glands: widely distributed, active from birth

  • Apocrine sweat glands: found in specific areas, active after puberty

  • Sebaceous glands: associated with hair follicles, secrete sebum

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Identify the location of each gland type in the body.

  2. Consider when each gland becomes active during life.

  3. Compare the structure and mode of secretion for each gland.

  4. List the main components of sweat and sebum.

Try to compare the glands before checking the answer!

Final Answer:

Eccrine: all over, active from birth, watery sweat; Apocrine: armpits/groin, active after puberty, thicker sweat; Sebaceous: hair follicles, sebum (oil).

Each gland has unique locations, activity patterns, and secretions.

Q7. List and describe all the functions of the Integumentary System. Describe the chemical, physical, and biological barriers.

Background

Topic: Functions and Barriers of the Integumentary System

This question tests your understanding of the protective and regulatory roles of the skin.

Key Terms:

  • Protection

  • Regulation

  • Sensation

  • Excretion

  • Barriers: chemical, physical, biological

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. List the main functions of the integumentary system.

  2. Describe how the skin acts as a chemical barrier (e.g., secretions).

  3. Explain the physical barrier (e.g., structure of skin layers).

  4. Discuss the biological barrier (e.g., immune cells).

Try to list and describe the functions and barriers before checking the answer!

Final Answer:

Functions: protection, regulation, sensation, excretion. Barriers: chemical (secretions), physical (skin structure), biological (immune cells).

These features help maintain homeostasis and defend against pathogens.

Q8. Types of skin cancer. What is the ABCD rule?

Background

Topic: Skin Cancer and Diagnostic Criteria

This question tests your knowledge of skin cancer types and how to identify suspicious lesions.

Key Terms:

  • Basal cell carcinoma

  • Squamous cell carcinoma

  • Melanoma

  • ABCD rule: Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. List the three main types of skin cancer.

  2. Recall the ABCD rule for identifying melanoma.

  3. Describe what each letter in the ABCD rule stands for.

  4. Think about why these criteria are important for early detection.

Try to list the types and explain the ABCD rule before checking the answer!

Final Answer:

Types: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma. ABCD: Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter > 6mm.

The ABCD rule helps identify potentially dangerous skin lesions.

Q9. Burns: evaluation of burn severity. First, second, third-degree burns.

Background

Topic: Burn Classification and Severity

This question tests your understanding of burn types and how to assess their severity.

Key Terms:

  • First-degree: superficial

  • Second-degree: partial thickness

  • Third-degree: full thickness

  • Rule of nines (for severity evaluation)

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Recall the characteristics of each burn degree.

  2. Think about which skin layers are affected in each type.

  3. Review the rule of nines for evaluating burn severity.

  4. Consider the clinical implications of each burn type.

Try to classify burns and severity before checking the answer!

Final Answer:

First-degree: epidermis only; second-degree: epidermis and part of dermis; third-degree: entire skin. Severity is evaluated using the rule of nines.

Each degree has distinct symptoms and treatment needs.

Q10. Learn all the locations of hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage in the body.

Background

Topic: Cartilage Types and Locations

This question tests your knowledge of where different cartilage types are found in the body.

Key Terms:

  • Hyaline cartilage

  • Elastic cartilage

  • Fibrocartilage

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Recall the main locations of hyaline cartilage (e.g., joints, ribs).

  2. Identify where elastic cartilage is found (e.g., ear, epiglottis).

  3. List the sites of fibrocartilage (e.g., intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis).

  4. Review your textbook diagrams for confirmation.

Try to list all locations before checking the answer!

Final Answer:

Hyaline: joints, ribs, nose, trachea; Elastic: ear, epiglottis; Fibrocartilage: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci.

Each cartilage type is specialized for its location and function.

Q11. Classification of bones. Examples of the four categories of bones.

Background

Topic: Bone Classification

This question tests your ability to classify bones and provide examples for each category.

Key Terms:

  • Long bones

  • Short bones

  • Flat bones

  • Irregular bones

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Recall the four categories of bones based on shape.

  2. Think of examples for each category (e.g., femur for long bones).

  3. Review the characteristics that define each bone type.

  4. Check your textbook for additional examples.

Try to classify and give examples before checking the answer!

Final Answer:

Long: femur; Short: carpals; Flat: sternum; Irregular: vertebrae.

Each bone type has unique structural and functional roles.

Q12. Structure of compact bone and spongy bone. Structure of long and flat bones.

Background

Topic: Bone Structure

This question tests your understanding of the microscopic and macroscopic structure of bones.

Key Terms:

  • Compact bone: osteons

  • Spongy bone: trabeculae

  • Long bone: diaphysis, epiphysis

  • Flat bone: sandwich structure

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Describe the structure of compact bone (osteons, lamellae).

  2. Describe the structure of spongy bone (trabeculae, spaces).

  3. Explain the structure of long bones (shaft and ends).

  4. Explain the structure of flat bones (compact-spongy-compact).

Try to describe each structure before checking the answer!

Final Answer:

Compact bone: osteons; Spongy bone: trabeculae; Long bone: diaphysis and epiphysis; Flat bone: compact-spongy-compact.

These structures provide strength and flexibility.

Q13. Definitions and location of diaphysis, epiphysis, periosteum, endosteum, epiphyseal plate, metaphysis, articular cartilage, red bone marrow, yellow bone marrow.

Background

Topic: Bone Anatomy

This question tests your knowledge of bone parts and their locations.

Key Terms:

  • Diaphysis: shaft

  • Epiphysis: ends

  • Periosteum: outer covering

  • Endosteum: inner lining

  • Epiphyseal plate: growth plate

  • Metaphysis: between diaphysis and epiphysis

  • Articular cartilage: covers joint surfaces

  • Red bone marrow: blood cell production

  • Yellow bone marrow: fat storage

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Define each term and locate it on a diagram of a long bone.

  2. Recall the function of each structure.

  3. Review your textbook for visual aids.

  4. Try to match each term with its location and function.

Try to define and locate each part before checking the answer!

Final Answer:

Diaphysis: shaft; Epiphysis: ends; Periosteum: outer; Endosteum: inner; Epiphyseal plate: growth; Metaphysis: between; Articular cartilage: joint; Red marrow: blood; Yellow marrow: fat.

Each part is essential for bone growth, repair, and function.

Q14. Cells of the bone (ALL): name, function.

Background

Topic: Bone Cell Types

This question tests your knowledge of the different cells found in bone tissue and their roles.

Key Terms:

  • Osteoblasts

  • Osteocytes

  • Osteoclasts

  • Osteogenic cells

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. List all bone cell types.

  2. Recall the function of each cell type.

  3. Think about how these cells interact in bone remodeling.

  4. Review your notes for details on each cell.

Try to name and describe each cell before checking the answer!

Final Answer:

Osteoblasts: build bone; Osteocytes: maintain bone; Osteoclasts: break down bone; Osteogenic: stem cells.

These cells work together for bone growth and repair.

Q15. Structure of the osteon. Composition of organic/osteoid and inorganic part of bone.

Background

Topic: Microscopic Bone Structure and Chemistry

This question tests your understanding of the osteon and the chemical composition of bone.

Key Terms:

  • Osteon: structural unit of compact bone

  • Organic part: osteoid (collagen, proteins)

  • Inorganic part: minerals (hydroxyapatite)

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Describe the structure of an osteon (central canal, lamellae, lacunae).

  2. List the components of the organic part of bone.

  3. List the components of the inorganic part of bone.

  4. Explain how these parts contribute to bone strength and flexibility.

Try to describe the osteon and bone composition before checking the answer!

Final Answer:

Osteon: central canal, lamellae, lacunae; Organic: collagen; Inorganic: hydroxyapatite.

Organic gives flexibility, inorganic gives strength.

Q16. Endochondral ossification: type of bone it occurs in, main steps of the process, primary and secondary ossification centers.

Background

Topic: Bone Formation

This question tests your understanding of how bones form from cartilage.

Key Terms:

  • Endochondral ossification: bone formation from cartilage

  • Primary ossification center: diaphysis

  • Secondary ossification center: epiphysis

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Recall which bones form by endochondral ossification (most bones).

  2. List the main steps: cartilage model, ossification center formation, bone growth.

  3. Identify the location of primary and secondary ossification centers.

  4. Review diagrams for the process steps.

Try to outline the process before checking the answer!

Final Answer:

Occurs in most bones; steps: cartilage model, primary center in diaphysis, secondary in epiphysis.

This process allows bones to grow in length.

Q17. Ca+2 homeostasis; PTH and calcitonin influences on Ca+2 homeostasis.

Background

Topic: Calcium Regulation in the Body

This question tests your understanding of how hormones regulate calcium levels.

Key Terms:

  • Ca+2: calcium ion

  • PTH: parathyroid hormone

  • Calcitonin: hormone from thyroid

Step-by-Step Guidance

  1. Recall the role of calcium in the body (bone, muscle, nerve).

  2. Describe how PTH increases blood calcium levels.

  3. Describe how calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels.

  4. Think about the feedback mechanisms involved.

Try to explain hormone effects before checking the answer!

Final Answer:

PTH increases blood Ca+2 by stimulating bone resorption; calcitonin decreases Ca+2 by inhibiting resorption.

These hormones maintain calcium balance in the body.

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