Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the nephron in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

To filter blood, reabsorb essential substances, and secrete wastes to form urine

Question 2

A patient presents with high blood glucose levels after fasting. Which hormone is most likely deficient, and what is its primary action during the absorptive state?

Accepted Answer

Insulin; promotes glucose uptake and storage

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly expresses renal clearance ($$C) in $$terms of urine concentration ($$U$$), urine flow rate ($$V$$), and plasma concentration ($$P$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$C = \frac{U 	imes V}{P}$$

Question 4

Which process is responsible for the movement of water across the filtration membrane in the nephron, and what is the driving force?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis; osmotic gradient

Question 5

A patient with diabetes mellitus type 1 is unable to produce insulin. Which metabolic consequence is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Increased lipolysis and ketone body formation

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the role of the countercurrent mechanism in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

It allows for the concentration of urine by establishing an osmotic gradient in the medulla

Question 7

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney, and what is its effect on urine concentration?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); increases urine concentration

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver in metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Filtration of urine

Question 9

Which statement best describes the difference between Sertoli and Leydig cells in the male reproductive system?

Accepted Answer

Leydig cells produce testosterone; Sertoli cells support spermatogenesis

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why sodium is the only solute exerting significant osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Accepted Answer

Sodium is the most abundant cation in the ECF and is impermeable to cell membranes

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the pathway of sperm from the epididymis to the exterior of the body?

Accepted Answer

Epididymis → ductus deferens → ejaculatory duct → urethra

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the fast block to polyspermy during fertilization?

Accepted Answer

Depolarization of the oocyte membrane immediately after sperm entry

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of tubular secretion in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Removal of excess potassium ions from the blood

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of the placenta during pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

It acts as both an endocrine organ and an exchange site for gases and wastes

Question 15

Which of the following mechanisms is NOT used by the body to maintain acid-base balance?

Accepted Answer

Increased production of plasma proteins

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct description of the absorptive state?

Accepted Answer

It is characterized by nutrient absorption and storage, primarily regulated by insulin

Question 17

Which of the following is a key feature of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

It regulates the rate of filtration and blood pressure via renin secretion

Question 18

Which of the following is a major effect of thyroid hormones on metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Increase in oxygen consumption and heat production

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about the regulation of micturition?

Accepted Answer

It involves both involuntary (autonomic) and voluntary (somatic) nervous system control

ANP1107A: Human Anatomy & Physiology III – Digestive, Metabolic, Immune, Renal, and Reproductive Systems

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