Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between anatomy and physiology?

Accepted Answer

Anatomy studies the structure of body parts, while physiology studies their function.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing rapid breathing and muscle fatigue after intense exercise. Which organelle is most likely working overtime to meet the increased energy demand?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of positive feedback in human physiology?

Accepted Answer

Childbirth contractions intensifying until delivery

Question 4

A solution has a pH of 5. Which of the following statements is correct?

Accepted Answer

The solution is acidic.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the process of catabolism?

Accepted Answer

Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy.

Question 6

During mitosis, which stage is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes along the center of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why water is important for DNA structure?

Accepted Answer

Water acts as a solvent, allowing ionic and hydrogen bonds to stabilize DNA.

Question 8

A cell is observed to have a large number of ribosomes. What is the most likely function of this cell?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Question 9

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between hydrogen ion concentration and pH?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{pH} = -\log_{10}[\mathrm{H}^+]$

Question 10

A patient is diagnosed with a metabolic disorder that impairs the breakdown of glucose. Which process is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Catabolism

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

It provides a selective barrier, regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Question 12

A scientist observes a cell undergoing apoptosis. Which organelle is most likely involved in initiating this process?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct sequence of organization in the human body from simplest to most complex?

Accepted Answer

Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in biological reactions?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering activation energy.

Question 15

A cancer cell is observed to have mutations in proto-oncogenes. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Uncontrolled cell division

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why isotopes of an element have different radioactive properties?

Accepted Answer

Isotopes have different numbers of neutrons.

Question 17

A cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The cell will swell and may burst due to water influx.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

Accepted Answer

It is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

Question 19

Which of the following is a real-world example of homeostasis in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Sweating to cool the body during exercise

Question 20

A researcher measures the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions at different temperatures. Which graph would best represent the relationship between temperature and enzyme activity?

Accepted Answer

A bell-shaped curve with peak activity at an optimal temperature

BIO 163 – Exam 1 Study Guide: Anatomy & Physiology Essentials

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