Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of the sodium-potassium pump ($$\mathrm{Na^+/K^+}$$ ATPase) in maintaining the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

Accepted Answer

It actively transports $$\mathrm{3\ Na^+}$$ out of the cell and $$\mathrm{2\ K^+}$$ into the cell, using ATP.

Question 2

A patient presents with muscle weakness and abnormal heart rhythms. Laboratory tests reveal low blood calcium levels. Which homeostatic mechanism is most likely activated to restore calcium balance?

Accepted Answer

Increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) to stimulate osteoclast activity.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the process of translation in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Assembling amino acids into a polypeptide chain at the ribosome using mRNA as a template.

Question 4

A person with rheumatoid arthritis experiences joint pain and swelling. Which of the following best explains the underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune attack on synovial membranes leading to chronic inflammation.

Question 5

Which of the following correctly matches the cranial nerve with its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Cranial Nerve X (Vagus): Parasympathetic control of thoracic and abdominal organs

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the function of synovial fluid in a joint such as the knee?

Accepted Answer

It provides nutrients to cartilage and reduces friction between articulating surfaces.

Question 7

A patient is diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). Which of the following best explains the neurological symptoms observed in this disease?

Accepted Answer

Destruction of myelin sheaths in the central nervous system impairs nerve conduction.

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct description of the anatomical position?

Accepted Answer

Body standing upright, arms at sides, palms facing forward, feet together.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the function of the blood-brain barrier?

Accepted Answer

It selectively restricts passage of substances from the blood into the brain, protecting neural tissue.

Question 10

Which of the following is a characteristic of active transport across the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient using energy (ATP).

Question 11

A person with myopia (nearsightedness) has difficulty seeing distant objects clearly. Which anatomical change in the eye most commonly causes this condition?

Accepted Answer

The eyeball is too long, causing light to focus in front of the retina.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of vitamin D in bone health?

Accepted Answer

It promotes calcium absorption in the intestines, supporting bone mineralization.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in skeletal muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Action potential travels down motor neuron → Acetylcholine released at neuromuscular junction → Calcium released from sarcoplasmic reticulum → Myosin binds to actin

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of the meninges?

Accepted Answer

They protect the brain and spinal cord by providing a supportive and cushioning covering.

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of the sympathetic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Increasing heart rate and dilating bronchioles during a 'fight or flight' response.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the composition and function of a long bone's diaphysis?

Accepted Answer

It is composed mainly of compact bone and provides strength to the shaft.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why glucose levels in the blood are regulated by negative feedback?

Accepted Answer

To maintain homeostasis by adjusting insulin and glucagon secretion in response to changes in blood glucose.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a macromolecule with its function?

Accepted Answer

Proteins: Catalyze biochemical reactions as enzymes.

Question 19

A patient with alopecia is most likely to present with which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Loss of hair from the scalp or body.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the movement term 'abduction'?

Accepted Answer

Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.

BIO 215 Final Exam Study Guide: Anatomy and Physiology Core Concepts

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