BIO 236 Exam 2 Study Guide: Integumentary and Skeletal Systems

Q1. Name and describe each layer of the epidermis.

Background

Topic: Integumentary System – Epidermal Layers

This question tests your knowledge of the structure and function of the different layers of the epidermis, which is the outermost layer of the skin.

Key Terms:

• Epidermis: The outermost layer of the skin, composed of several sublayers.

• Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (in thick skin), stratum corneum: The main layers of the epidermis.

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. List the layers of the epidermis from deepest to most superficial. Remember, thick skin (palms, soles) has an extra layer compared to thin skin.

2. For each layer, briefly describe its main characteristics (e.g., cell types present, function, appearance).

3. Consider the role each layer plays in protection, regeneration, and barrier function.

Try describing each layer before checking the answer!

Q2. Describe the functions of the integumentary system.

Background

Topic: Integumentary System – Functions

This question assesses your understanding of the various roles the skin and its associated structures play in maintaining homeostasis and protecting the body.

Key Terms:

• Protection, sensation, thermoregulation, excretion, vitamin D synthesis, etc.

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. List at least 4-5 major functions of the integumentary system.

2. For each function, provide a brief explanation or example (e.g., how the skin prevents water loss, or how it helps regulate body temperature).

Try to recall and explain each function before revealing the answer!

Q3. Burns: Name the 3 degrees, explain the rule of nines, treatments for severe burns, and debridement.

Background

Topic: Integumentary System – Burns

This question covers the classification of burns, assessment of burn severity, and basic treatment principles.

Key Terms:

• First-degree, second-degree, third-degree burns

• Rule of nines: A method for estimating the percentage of body surface area affected by burns.

• Debridement: Removal of dead or damaged tissue.

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. Define and differentiate the three degrees of burns based on depth and symptoms.

2. Explain how the rule of nines is used to estimate burn area.

3. List common treatments for severe burns, including the purpose of debridement.

Try outlining each part before checking the answer!

Q4. Compare and contrast eccrine and apocrine glands (examples, location, structure, function).

Background

Topic: Integumentary System – Sweat Glands

This question tests your ability to distinguish between the two main types of sweat glands in the skin.

Key Terms:

• Eccrine glands: Widely distributed, involved in thermoregulation.

• Apocrine glands: Located in specific areas, associated with scent.

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. List the main features of eccrine glands (location, secretion, function).

2. List the main features of apocrine glands (location, secretion, function).

3. Compare and contrast the two types, noting similarities and differences.

Try making a comparison table before revealing the answer!

Q5. Compare and contrast the axial and appendicular skeletons; describe their functions.

Background

Topic: Skeletal System – Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton

This question assesses your understanding of the organization and roles of the two major divisions of the skeleton.

Key Terms:

• Axial skeleton: Skull, vertebral column, rib cage.

• Appendicular skeleton: Limbs and girdles.

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. Define what bones are included in each division.

2. Describe the main functions of each (e.g., protection, movement).

3. Highlight key differences and similarities.

Try outlining the two divisions before checking the answer!

Q6. List the functions of the skeletal system.

Background

Topic: Skeletal System – Functions

This question tests your knowledge of the various roles bones play in the body.

Key Terms:

• Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation, fat storage.

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. List at least 4-5 major functions of the skeletal system.

2. Provide a brief explanation or example for each function.

Try to recall each function before revealing the answer!

Q7. Compare and contrast endochondral and intramembranous ossification (bones formed, description, location).

Background

Topic: Skeletal System – Bone Formation

This question assesses your understanding of the two main processes by which bones develop in the body.

Key Terms:

• Endochondral ossification: Bone forms from cartilage template.

• Intramembranous ossification: Bone forms directly from mesenchyme.

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. Define each process and describe the steps involved.

2. List which bones are formed by each process.

3. Explain where in the body each process occurs.

Try outlining the differences before checking the answer!

Q8. Describe the functions of calcium (bone structure, muscle contraction, nerve signaling).

Background

Topic: Calcium Physiology

This question tests your understanding of the roles calcium plays in the body, especially in the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems.

Key Terms:

• Bone mineralization, muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release.

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. Explain how calcium contributes to bone strength and structure.

2. Describe the role of calcium in muscle contraction (e.g., interaction with troponin/tropomyosin).

3. Discuss how calcium is involved in nerve impulse transmission.

Try explaining each role before revealing the answer!

Q9. Explain negative feedback involving PTH and calcium reabsorption (bone, kidney, absorption).

Background

Topic: Endocrine Regulation of Calcium

This question tests your understanding of how parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates blood calcium levels through negative feedback mechanisms.

Key Terms:

• PTH (parathyroid hormone), calcium homeostasis, negative feedback, bone resorption, kidney reabsorption, intestinal absorption.

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. Describe what triggers PTH release and how it acts to increase blood calcium.

2. Explain PTH's effects on bone (osteoclast activation), kidneys (reabsorption), and intestines (via vitamin D).

3. Summarize how negative feedback regulates this system.

Try outlining the feedback loop before checking the answer!

Q10. Steps of bone repair (stages, cells involved, tissue changes, timing).

Background

Topic: Skeletal System – Bone Healing

This question covers the stages of bone repair after a fracture, including the cells and tissues involved at each stage.

Key Terms:

• Hematoma, fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus, bony (hard) callus, bone remodeling, osteoclasts, osteoblasts.

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. List the main stages of bone repair in order.

2. For each stage, identify the main events and cell types involved.

3. Describe the tissue changes that occur during each phase.

4. Estimate the typical duration of each stage (general time frames).

Try outlining the stages before revealing the answer!

Q11. Paranasal sinuses (names, locations, epithelium, functions, drainage, defense).

Background

Topic: Skull Anatomy – Paranasal Sinuses

This question tests your knowledge of the anatomy and function of the paranasal sinuses.

Key Terms:

• Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary sinuses; respiratory epithelium; mucus drainage; immune defense.

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. List the four pairs of paranasal sinuses and their locations.

2. Identify which sinus is in the forehead, behind the nose, and in the cheeks.

3. Describe the type of epithelium lining the sinuses and their main functions.

4. Explain how mucus drains and how sinuses contribute to respiratory defense.

Try labeling a diagram or listing features before checking the answer!

Q12. Bones that form the os coxae and knee joint.

Background

Topic: Skeletal System – Joint Anatomy

This question tests your knowledge of the bones that make up the pelvic girdle (os coxae) and the knee joint.

Key Terms:

• Os coxae: Ilium, ischium, pubis.

• Knee joint: Femur, tibia, patella.

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. List the bones that fuse to form the os coxae.

2. Identify the bones that articulate to form the knee joint.

Try recalling the bones before revealing the answer!

Q13. Fontanelles (definition, number, names, function in childbirth and brain growth, clinical importance).

Background

Topic: Skull Development – Fontanelles

This question covers the soft spots in a newborn's skull, their names, functions, and clinical significance.

Key Terms:

• Fontanelles, anterior, posterior, sphenoidal, mastoid fontanelles.

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. Define what fontanelles are and how many major ones exist in newborns.

2. Name the major fontanelles and describe their locations.

3. Explain their roles during childbirth and brain growth.

4. Discuss why nurses assess fontanelles during exams.

Try listing and explaining each point before revealing the answer!

Q14. Vertebral column (number in each section, structure, functions, curvatures, intervertebral discs, CNS protection).

Background

Topic: Skeletal System – Vertebral Column

This question tests your understanding of the anatomy and function of the vertebral column.

Key Terms:

• Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal vertebrae; intervertebral discs; spinal cord protection; normal curvatures.

Step-by-Step Guidance

1. List the number of vertebrae in each section of the vertebral column.

2. Describe the general structure and main functions of the vertebral column.

3. Identify the normal curvatures and explain their importance.

4. Discuss the role of intervertebral discs and how the vertebral column protects the CNS.

Try outlining each section before revealing the answer!