Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

Accepted Answer

Endochondral ossification forms bones by replacing hyaline cartilage, while intramembranous ossification forms bones directly from mesenchymal tissue.

Question 2

A patient suffers a third-degree burn on the anterior and posterior surfaces of both legs. Using the rule of nines, what percentage of the body surface area is affected?

Accepted Answer

$$36\%$$

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system?

Accepted Answer

Production of red blood cells

Question 4

Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for the continuous production of new keratinocytes through mitosis?

Accepted Answer

Stratum basale

Question 5

A patient with low blood calcium levels is found to have elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH). Which of the following best explains how PTH acts to restore calcium homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

PTH stimulates osteoclast activity, increases calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, and enhances intestinal absorption of calcium.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the role of calcium in muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Calcium binds to troponin, causing a conformational change that exposes binding sites on actin for myosin.

Question 7

During the bone repair process, which cell type is primarily responsible for removing debris and dead tissue during the hematoma stage?

Accepted Answer

Macrophages

Question 8

Which of the following statements about eccrine and apocrine sweat glands is correct?

Accepted Answer

Eccrine glands secrete a watery, odorless fluid directly onto the skin surface, while apocrine glands secrete a thicker fluid into hair follicles.

Question 9

Which of the following bones is NOT part of the axial skeleton?

Accepted Answer

Femur

Question 10

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in bone repair after a fracture?

Accepted Answer

Hematoma formation → Soft callus formation → Hard callus formation → Bone remodeling

Question 11

Which sinus is located within the forehead bone and is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

Accepted Answer

Frontal sinus

Question 12

Which of the following best explains the importance of fontanelles in a newborn's skull?

Accepted Answer

They provide flexibility during childbirth and accommodate rapid brain growth in infancy.

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of the paranasal sinuses?

Accepted Answer

They provide resonance to the voice and help humidify and warm inhaled air.

Question 14

Which bones form the os coxae (hip bone)?

Accepted Answer

Ilium, ischium, and pubis

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of intervertebral discs in the vertebral column?

Accepted Answer

They provide cushioning and absorb shock between vertebrae.

Question 16

A nurse is assessing the fontanelles of a newborn. Why is this examination clinically important?

Accepted Answer

It can indicate signs of dehydration or increased intracranial pressure.

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct number of vertebrae in each section of the vertebral column in a typical adult?

Accepted Answer

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused), 4 coccygeal (fused)

Question 18

During the bone remodeling stage of fracture repair, what is the primary role of osteoclasts?

Accepted Answer

To resorb excess bone tissue and restore the bone's original shape

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why the normal curvatures of the vertebral column are important?

Accepted Answer

They help distribute mechanical stress during movement and maintain balance.

Question 20

Which of the following is the main function of the fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus during bone repair?

Accepted Answer

To form a temporary splint that bridges the broken bone ends

BIO 236 Exam 2 Study Guide: Integumentary and Skeletal Systems

Study Guide - Practice Questions

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