Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of the serous membranes in the human body?

Accepted Answer

They are double-layered membranes that line closed body cavities and cover organs, secreting fluid to reduce friction.

Question 2

A patient presents with a blood pH of 7.25. Based on the pH scale, which of the following best describes their condition?

Accepted Answer

They are in an acidic state because their pH is below 7.

Question 3

Which of the following correctly matches a biological molecule with its monomer and primary function?

Accepted Answer

Lipid – fatty acid & glycerol – long-term energy storage

Question 4

A cell is placed in a solution and water moves into the cell, causing it to swell. Which transport process is responsible, and why does it occur?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis; water moves from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration across the membrane.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why the sodium-potassium pump is considered active transport?

Accepted Answer

It requires ATP to move sodium and potassium ions against their concentration gradients.

Question 6

A tissue sample from the urinary bladder shows cells that change shape when stretched. Which epithelial type is present, and what is its main function?

Accepted Answer

Transitional; allows stretching and recoil

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a connective tissue cell and its function?

Accepted Answer

Chondrocyte – maintains cartilage tissue

Question 8

A patient has a mutation that prevents the production of melanin. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Their skin will lack brown/black pigment and be more susceptible to UV damage.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the process of endochondral ossification during long bone development?

Accepted Answer

Bone replaces a hyaline cartilage model, beginning in the diaphysis and later in the epiphyses.

Question 10

A football player suffers a torn meniscus in his knee. Which type of cartilage is damaged, and what property does it provide?

Accepted Answer

Fibrocartilage; resistance to compression and shock absorption

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why the shoulder joint is classified as a diarthrosis?

Accepted Answer

It is a synovial joint that allows free movement in multiple directions.

Question 12

During muscle contraction, what is the role of calcium ions ($$\mathrm{Ca$$^{2+}$$}) in $$the cross-bridge cycle?

Accepted Answer

They bind to troponin, causing tropomyosin to move and expose actin binding sites.

Question 13

A marathon runner relies on which ATP regeneration mechanism during the majority of a race, and why?

Accepted Answer

Aerobic respiration; it produces the most ATP using oxygen over extended periods.

Question 14

Which neuroglia cell is responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS)?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocyte

Question 15

A neuron at rest has a membrane potential of $$-70\ \mathrm{mV}. $$Which of the following best explains how this resting potential is maintained?

Accepted Answer

By the Na$$^+/K$^+$$ pump actively transporting 3 Na$$^+$$ out and 2 K$$^+ in$$, and selective permeability to K$$^+.$$

Question 16

Which brain region is primarily responsible for regulating hunger, thirst, body temperature, and controlling the pituitary gland?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamus

Question 17

A patient has difficulty with balance and coordination but normal muscle strength. Which brain structure is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Cerebellum

Question 18

Which cranial nerve is responsible for both facial expressions and taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?

Accepted Answer

Facial (VII)

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?

Accepted Answer

Somatic targets skeletal muscle with voluntary control; autonomic targets smooth/cardiac muscle and glands with involuntary control.

Question 20

A patient is experiencing increased heart rate, dilated pupils, and inhibited digestion after a car accident. Which division of the autonomic nervous system is primarily responsible for these effects?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic division

BIOL 2113 Final Exam Review: Comprehensive Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards