Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the endocrine system in maintaining homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

It secretes hormones into the bloodstream to regulate physiological processes.

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of hyperthyroidism. Which hormone is most likely elevated, and what is its primary effect on metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Thyroxine (T4); increases basal metabolic rate.

Question 3

During a laboratory experiment, a student observes that a subject's blood glucose level rises after a meal. Which hormone is primarily responsible for lowering blood glucose, and what is the mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Insulin; promotes uptake of glucose by cells.

Question 4

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 5

A patient is diagnosed with Addison's disease, which results in decreased secretion of aldosterone. What is the most likely effect on blood sodium and potassium levels?

Accepted Answer

Decreased sodium, increased potassium

Question 6

Which of the following best explains the Frank-Starling law of the heart?

Accepted Answer

The greater the end-diastolic volume, the greater the force of contraction.

Question 7

A person is experiencing respiratory acidosis. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Hypoventilation causing retention of $$CO_2$$

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the regulation of water balance?

Accepted Answer

ADH increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, reducing urine output.

Question 9

A patient with chronic kidney disease is unable to excrete sufficient hydrogen ions. What is the most likely acid-base disturbance?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis

Question 10

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates a negative feedback mechanism in the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood glucose stimulates insulin release, which lowers blood glucose.

Question 11

A person is exposed to cold temperatures. Which hormone is released to increase metabolic rate and generate heat, and from which gland?

Accepted Answer

Thyroxine from the thyroid gland

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of surfactant in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

It reduces surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse.

Question 13

A patient is found to have a blood pH of 7.25. Which of the following equations represents the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation used to calculate blood pH?

Accepted Answer

$$pH = pK_a + \log \left( \frac{[$$HCO_3$$^-]}{0.03 	imes $$pCO_2$$} ight)$$

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why a deficiency in vitamin K can lead to excessive bleeding?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of clotting factors in the liver.

Question 15

A patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus is at risk for diabetic ketoacidosis. Which of the following best explains the underlying mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Lack of insulin leads to increased lipolysis and ketone body production.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the Bohr effect in oxygen transport?

Accepted Answer

Increased $$CO_2$$ and decreased pH reduce hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.

Question 17

A patient is hyperventilating due to anxiety. What is the expected effect on blood $$CO_2$$ and pH?

Accepted Answer

Decreased $$CO_2$$, increased pH (respiratory alkalosis)

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in blood pressure regulation?

Accepted Answer

It increases blood pressure by promoting sodium and water retention.

Question 19

A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has difficulty exhaling air. Which of the following best explains the physiological consequence?

Accepted Answer

Air trapping leads to increased residual volume and decreased gas exchange.

BIOL 21400 Human Anatomy and Physiology II: Syllabus and Course Structure Overview

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards